We define a type and effect system for a λ-calculus extended with side effects, in the form of primitives for creating and accessing resources. The analysis correctly over-approximates the sequences of resource accesses performed by a program at run-time. To accurately analyse the binding between the creation of a resource and its accesses, our system exploits a new class of types. Our ν-types ...

An extension of the λ-calculus is proposed, to study resource usage analysis and verification. Resources can be dynamically created, and passed / returned by functions; their usages have side effects, represented by events. Usage policies are properties over histories of events, and have a possibly nested, local scope. A type and effect system over-approximates the set of histories a program ca...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease according to TNS Arogya survey 2007. Although OA was previously thought to be a progressive degenerative disorder, it is now known that spontaneous arrest or reversal of disease can occur. Conventional medications are often effective for symptomatic relief but they can also cause significant side effects and do not slow the progression of disease. ...

Modern database schemata are often large and complex, and a single user typically is afforded only limited access through a window, known as a view. The problem of supporting updates systematically through such views has long been known to be a difficult problem. Traditionally, the approach has been to limit the allowed updates to those which avoid or substantially limit so-called update anomal...

In cancer clinical trials, the evaluation of treatment options is often dominated by patient survival. However, treatment improvements have permitted survival to be measured in years rather than months for many cancer patients. This trend is likely to persist and the quality of survival as reported by patients will become an increasingly important end point. Additionally, when new cancer therap...

162 Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2003: 29(3) Background Inevitably there are limited long-term safety data for any new contraceptive method. Detailed scientific studies, performed in a small number of women, provide evidence on mode of action. Larger clinical trials examine efficacy, side effects and acceptability. The number of women-years of exposure is less than fo...

Advances in molecular biology, and of physiological and disease processes, often identify opportunities for improving the performance of a medication. Performance enhancement might concern providing more options for administration, less frequent administration or simply providing medication that is more acceptable to the user. Possibilities also exist, depending on the kinetics and dynamics of ...

n their continuing battle with more I than 10,000 insect pest species, scient ists and growers in the United S ta tes achieved some striking successes against many pests, mainly with broad-spectrum insecticides. Unfortunately, those pesticides have had detrimental side effects: Pest insects developed resistance to formerly lethal materials; natural enemies of pests were destroyed; previously in...

The increasing interest of improving patients outcome in terms of survival and response, seems to underlie the lack of attention to the anti-emetic prophylaxis. Many clinicians maybe believe that CINV constitutes a “minimal” price to pay for survival gain. On the other hand, patients frequently do not discuss chemotherapy-related side effects, since they may believe that these effects are an ex...

In the physical sciences a rigorous theory is a hierarchy of descriptions in which causal relationships between many general types of entity at a phenomenological level can be derived from causal relationships between smaller numbers of simpler entities at more detailed levels. The hierarchy of descriptions resembles the modular hierarchy created in electronic systems in order to be able to mod...