Mutualistic interactions with fungal endophytes and dinitrogen-fixing bacteria are known to exert key biological influences on the host plant. The influence of a fungal endophyte alkaloid on the toxicity of a plant has been documented in Oxytropis sericea. Oxytropis sericea is a perennial legume responsible for livestock poisoning in western North America. Livestock poisoning is attributed to t...

Banana is the fourth most important staple food in the world, behind rice, wheat, and maize, with more than 100 million tons produced annually [1]. Although the majority of bananas produced are consumed locally, banana export is a multi-billion–dollar business [2]. Bananas are grown in more than 100 countries worldwide, largely in developing countries in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and La...

the aim of this study was to determine the environmental risk of pesticide a.i. applied to control insects and fungus in cereal farming in sanliurfa, turkey. in 2013, 8 active ingredients (a.i.) in cereal farming were applied for insect and fungus control in sanliurfa, turkey. these a.i. were alpha-cypermethrin(ec), chlorpyrifos(ec;wp), difenoconazole(ec), indoxacarb(wg), lambda-cyhalothrin(ec)...

Diseases of golf green turfgrasses cause unsightly spots and discolorations that are undesirable and unacceptable to golf course managers and the golfing public. The development of highly effective turfgrass fungicides has revolutionized disease management of turf, especially on golf courses. However, high levels of fungicides are required. Fungicide usage on golf courses, and greens especially...

fungicidal efficiency of iranian made benzalkonium chloride named akhgar, afshang and hamoon were evaluated on pure culture species of aspergillus nijer, candida ablicans and mucour according to the standard method no. 2442 issued by the institute of standards and industrial research of iran, from october 1993 to march 1994. suspensions were prepared in a way that each cubic centimeter having 3...

Epidemiological and in vivo studies have demonstrated that exposure to the pesticides paraquat (PQ) and maneb (MB) increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) and cause dopaminergic cell loss, respectively. PQ is a well-recognized cause of oxidative toxicity; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if MB potentiates oxidative stress caused by PQ, thus providing a mech...

The management of common apple diseases relies heavily on effective fungicide applications. However, the evolution of fungicide resistance by many pathogens has resulted in management failures and significant economic losses. With time and the increasing development of fungicide resistance in apple scab, and possibly bitter rot, more and more apple growers rely on Captan, an older fungicide, be...

A simple method to determine the toxicity of fungicides on male gametophyte in Brassica campestris subsp. oleiferae is described. The calculation of fungicide concentration used in the test is derived from doses used in field application. The expression of regression curves and calculation of regression equations require the logarithmic transformation of fungicide concentration. The range of th...

Study Examines Epigenetic Effects of Fungicide Exposure A mother’s environmental exposure can result in transgenerational effects that are inherited through successive generations, even in the absence of exposure of the offspring. A new proof-of-principle study reports that great-grandchildren of rats exposed to the common fungicide vinclozolin showed a more profound behavioral and neurodevelop...