Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an increasing threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics. The majority of antibiotics are prescribed in primary care settings for upper respiratory tract infections. The purpose of this study was to describe seasonal trends in outpatient antibiotic prescriptions (Rx) in the United States over a 5-year period. This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional obse...

In this study five macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin and telithromycin) were compared based on their ability to interact with human MDR1 (ABCB1, P-glycoprotein), studied from two main aspects: by determining the influence of macrolide antibiotics on MDR1 function, as well as the influence of MDR1 on macrolide accumulation in MES-SA/Dx5 cells overex...

Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from Finland, Australia, and the United Kingdom and, more recently, Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes strains from the United States were shown to have an unusual resistance pattern to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B antibiotics. This pattern, referred to as M resistance, consists of susceptibility to clindamycin and strep...

Mitsuhashi, Susumu (Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan), Hajime Hashimoto, Megumi Kono, and Masato Morimura. Drug resistance of staphylococci. II. Joint elimination and joint transduction of the determinants of penicillinase production and resistance to macrolide antibiotics. J. Bacteriol. 89:988-992. 1965.-Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which show high resistance to macrolide antibiotics (er...

Evolutionary links between cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, a superfamily of extraordinarily divergent heme-thiolate proteins catalyzing a wide array of NADPH/NADH- and O(2)-dependent reactions, are becoming better understood because of availability of an increasing number of fully sequenced genomes. Among other reactions, P450s catalyze the site-specific oxidation of the precursors to macrolide...

The intrinsic resistance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) to most antibiotics, including macrolides, is generally attributed to the low permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall. However, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are much more sensitive to macrolides than members of the MTC. A search for macrolide resistance determinants within the genome of M. tuberculosis revealed th...

Dear Editor, Mycoplasma pneumoniae belongs to the class Mollicutes and is a small bacterium without a cell wall that is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults and children. Due to its unique physical structure, M. pneumoniae is resistant to cell wall-targeting agents, such as beta-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of suspected M. pneumo...

Novel macrolide antibiotics have been isolated from a genetically manipulated actinomycete. The major components produced have been isolated and identified as 2-norerythromycins A, B, C and D by mass spectrometry and extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments.

It is well established that macrolide antibiotics are efficacious in treating sinopulmonary infections in humans. However, a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence indicates that they also express distinct salutary effects that promote and sustain the reparative process in the chronically inflamed upper and lower respiratory tract. Unlike the anti-infective properties, these distinc...

OBJECTIVE Accumulating data have demonstrated that macrolide antibiotics suppress Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence, which may explain the efficacy of macrolides in clinical settings. We examined the virulence of macrolide-treated bacteria in vivo. METHODS P. aeruginosa PAO-1 was grown for 24 h on agar containing sub-MIC antibiotics, and then mice were challenged intranasally with 10(7) cfu of...