We describe the structure and present situation of the Chinese healthcare system and discuss its primary problems and challenges. We discuss problems with inefficient burden sharing, adverse provider incentives and huge inequities, and seek explanations in the structural features of the Chinese healthcare system. The current situation will be further challenged in the future by an aging populat...

Incomplete stomatal closure during the night is observed in a diverse range of C3 and C4 species (Fig. 1; Supplemental Table S1) and can lead to substantial nighttime transpirational water loss. Although water loss is an inevitable consequence of stomatal opening for photosynthetic carbon gain, nighttime stomatal opening is unexpected because carbon gain is not occurring and the need to cool le...

The photosynthetic rate increases under high-N supply, resulting in a large CO₂ transport conductance in mesophyll cells. It is less known that water movement is affected by nitrogen supply in leaves. This study investigated whether the expression of aquaporin and water transport were affected by low-N (0.7 mM) and high-N (7 mM) concentrations in the hydroponic culture of four rice varieties: (...

The influence of red light and ultraviolet (UV)-A radiation on the single leaf photosynthesis and transpiration were investigated in two different plant-type rice cultivars: active tillering type, Hopumbyeo (HP) and low-tillering heavy panicle type, Shindongjinbyeo (SDJ) at maximum tiller number stage. An open photosynthesis measurement system was used to monitor CO2 exchange rate, which was de...

A Jarvis based [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 273 (1976) 593] model of canopy stomatal conductance was evaluated in context of its application to simulating transpiration in a conifer forest covered watershed in the Central Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Parameters influencing stomatal conductance were assigned values using Monte Carlo sampling. Model calibration was conducted by eva...

Transpiration, as one of the components of hydrological cycle, has not been paid enough attention yet, while it is necessary for sound utilization of rangelands, mostly located in the arid and semiarid regions. The comparison of the different kinds of rangelands species in terms of transpiration rates provides range managers the required information to achieve optimal forage production for a gi...

There has been limited application of sapflow technology to small-stemmed species and across co-existing functional types, restricting its use in diverse floras such as the Mediterranean-type shrubland in South Africa. Our main objective was to test whether sapflow may provide an alternative to traditional gas-exchange measurements, which would permit comparative evaluation of transpiration at ...

In present world, inequality and uncertainty is high in section of agriculture production and food security of a great amount of people in developing countries is not supplied. Based on studies of international organizations, about a third of produced food for human consumption in worldwide is lost or wasted. While in developing countries, there is price enhancement, decrease in access to healt...

Red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) was artificially acclimated by exposing plants to 8-hour short days (SD) and low (15/5 C) temperatures for 54 to 63 days. Several factors including transpiration rate, stomatal resistance, and root conductivity were correlated so that the rate of water loss in acclimating plants was higher during the first 30 to 40 days of the acclimation sequence. ...

to evaluate the effect of different levels of drought stress on some physiological parameters in strawberry, potted experiment involing strawberry cultivars  ‘marak٫ , ‘camarosa٫ and ‘gaviota٫ was conducted during summer 2009. the experiment consisted of three drought stress levels in three replications. the experimental arrangement was a factorial one, based upon a randomized complete block de...