Area-based markers of deprivation (e.g., postal codes) are commonly used to identify groups of people with low socioeconomic status (SES); the validity of this approach, however, remains unknown. In this study, we determined the accuracy of using income quintile groups calculated on the basis of the median family income of each forward sortation area (1996 Canadian census) to identify those liv...

Abstract Governmental expenditure on agricultural research and development (R&D) has played a substantial role in increasing crop yields recent decades. However, studies suggest that annual yield growth rates would decline warming climate compared to non-warming climate. Here, we present how projected could alter maize gain owing US$ 1 billion increase R&D (referred as response) for 71 ...

BACKGROUND The study describes variations in use of surgical procedures by community income in the Netherlands. From the literature it is known that surgical rates have a socioeconomic gradient. Both positive and negative associations of socioeconomic factors of patients (for example, income, education) with surgical rates have been reported. The question raised here is: how do (possible) socio...

in modern decentralised health systems, district and local managers are increasingly responsible for financing, managing, and delivering healthcare. however, their lack of adequate skills and competencies are a critical barrier to improved performance of health systems. given the financial and human resource, constraints of relying on traditional face-to-face training to upskill a large and dis...