Muscle activity occurring during human locomotion can be accounted for by five basic temporal activation patterns in a variety of locomotion conditions. Here, we examined how these activation patterns interact with muscle activity required for a voluntary movement. Subjects produced a voluntary movement during locomotion, and we examined the resulting kinematics, kinetics, and EMG activity in 1...

Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes are broadly used to investigate the impact of environmental factors on animal physiology and behavior. Here, C. with internalized paramagnetic nanoparticles were placed inside a magnetic field (MF) explore its effects locomotion. We hypothesized that combined external MF affect elegans’ locomotion machinery. To test our hypothesis, we adult fed bacteria mixed 1 ...

Multifunctional motoneurons and muscles, which are active during forward and backward locomotion are ubiquitous in animal models. However, studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that some locomotor motoneurons are necessary only for forward locomotion (dorsal B-motoneurons, DB), while others (dorsal A-motoneurons, DA) are necessary only for backward locomotion. We tested this hy...

Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) occurs when a cell stops migrating in a particular direction upon contact with another cell. Many cancer cells show Contact inhibition of locomotion when contacting one another but display contact-unimpeded migration following collision with noncancer cells. Here we review current understanding of Contact inhibition of locomotion, from Abercrombie's histor...

Machine locomotion using wheels, tracks or legs is common where as generating locomotion in a limbless, wheelless system is more challenging. Wheeled locomotion and legged locomotion have already been studied by many researchers in detail. On the contrary the limbless locomotion has drawn very limited degree of interest. In limbless locomotion (of a serpent) the cyclic changes in the body shape...

We present a dynamical systems approach to adaptive controllers for locomotion control. The approach is based on a rigorous mathematical framework, which is founded on theories of self-organization. Nonlinear dynamical systems are an interesting approach for the on-line generation of trajectories for robots with many degrees of freedom (e.g. legged locomotion). However, designing a nonlinear dy...

Horse locomotion exhibits rich variations in gaits and styles. Although there have been many approaches proposed for animating quadrupeds, there is not much research on synthesizing horse locomotion. In this paper, we present a horse locomotion synthesis approach. A user can arbitrarily change a horse’s moving speed and direction and our system would automatically adjust the horse’s motion to f...

M(5) muscarinic receptors are the only muscarinic receptor subtype expressed by mesencephalic dopamine neurons and provide an important excitatory input to mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems. Here, we studied locomotion induced by systemic morphine (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg i.p.) in M(5) knockout mice of the C57BL/6 (B6) and CD1 x 129SvJ background strains. M(5) knockout mice of both stra...

BACKGROUND Neural responses in visual cortex depend not only on sensory input but also on behavioral context. One such context is locomotion, which modulates single-neuron activity in primary visual cortex (V1). How locomotion affects neuronal populations across cortical layers and in precortical structures is not well understood. RESULTS We performed extracellular multielectrode recordings i...

An influential striatal model postulates that neural activities in the striatal direct and indirect pathways promote and inhibit movement, respectively. Normal behavior requires coordinated activity in the direct pathway to facilitate intended locomotion and indirect pathway to inhibit unwanted locomotion. In this striatal model, neuronal population activity is assumed to encode locomotion rele...