Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been successfully applied as biological control agents against above ground and soil stages of insect pests. However, for commercial application, it is crucial to mass culture these using in vitro liquid technology, not attainable when susceptible insects hosts. Lobesia vanillana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) regarded a sporadic pest wine grapes South Africa....

Factors which induce diapause in insects are, in most cases, only effective when applied to the individuals which are destined to cease development (Lees, 1955), although in many examples—for instance the vine leafroller, Polychrosis botrana (Komarova, 1949)—the sensitive stage and the resulting diapause are separated by several intervening instars. However, there are a few insects known in whi...

Agricultural intensification is the main cause of biodiversity loss in terrestrial ecosystems (IPBES, 2019). By harnessing ecosystem functions supported by biodiversity, agroecology aims to design agricultural landscapes that can maintain commodity production while preserving environment (Bommarco et al., 2013). Biological control crop pests their natural enemies a major service increase sustai...