russian formalists made great changes in the literary critics in the 20th century putting forth subjects like defamiliarization and foregrounding. their purpose was to establish an independent science for studying literary works. however, they went to extremes so that they laid external factors aside and tried to find literariness solely in the text. although the holy quran is not a literary te...

andré chénier (1762-1794) is the greatest and the best known french poet of the 18th century. he is famous especially for his courageous opposition to the power of the terror in the early years of the french revolution which caused finally his death by guillotine. the study of his poetical works can clarify the literary transition between neoclassicism and romanticism. this paper, by describing...

This chapter surveys and assesses from an ecocentric perspective some representative literary portrayals of the Australian deserts. Generally, it contrasts works that portray the desert as an alien, hostile, and undifferentiated void with works that recognise and value the biological particularities of specific desert places. It explores the literature of three dominant cultural orientations to...

presented and developed in a literary way—that is, embedded in a complex human situation replete with highly charged emotions. The emotional and sometimes ambiguous context that makes these stories so pedagogically useful, however, makes some ethicists uneasy. They argue that the attention given to pain, suffering, and emotion in such literary cases can distract readers from the abstract reason...

We present the first study that evaluates both speaker and listener identification for direct speech in literary texts. Our approach consists of two steps: identification of speakers and listeners near the quotes, and dialogue chain segmentation. Evaluation results show that this approach outperforms a rule-based approach that is stateof-the-art on a corpus of literary texts.