In order for a person to comprehend metaphoric expressions, do metaphor-irrelevant aspects of literal information need to be inhibited? Previous research using sentence-verification paradigms has found that literal associates take longer to process after reading metaphorical sentences; however, it is problematic to infer inhibition from this research. Moreover, previous work has not distinguish...

We present a graph-based model for representing the lexical cohesion of a discourse. In the graph structure, vertices correspond to the content words of a text and edges connecting pairs of words encode how closely the words are related semantically. We show that such a structure can be used to distinguish literal and non-literal usages of multi-word expressions.

this is obvious that man’s advancement in tropical experimental sciences is indebted to the pure imagination of the authors and researchers. the present study aims to reveal that medicine as one of the most experimental sciences is undeniably associated with literal images and imaginative implications at least in traditional medicine. this occurs due to the fact that in the ancient times, physi...

We present here new hierarchies of literal varieties of languages. Each language under consideration is a disjoint union of a certain collection of “basic” languages described here. Our classes of languages correspond to certain literal varieties of homomorphisms from free monoids onto nilpotent groups of class ≤ 2.

As one of the most challenging issues in NLP, metaphor identification and its interpretation have seen many models and methods proposed. This paper presents a study on metaphor identification based on the semantic similarity between literal and non literal meanings of words that can appear at the same context.