A volume-surface integral equation (VSIE) formulation is developed for determining the electromagnetic TM scattering by a two-dimensional conducting cylinder coated with an inhomogeneous dielectric/magnetic material. The electric field integral equations (EFIEs) are utilized to derive the VSIE. The surface EFIE is applied to the conducting surface, while the volume EFIE is applied to the coatin...

Colour realism plays an important role in computer graphics and visualization. In this paper, we present a new approach to direct volume rendering based on the Kubelka-Munk theory of diffuse reflectance. We show that not only the Kubelka-Munk theory facilitates a correct spectral volume rendering integral suitable for both solid objects and amorphous matters in volume datasets, but also provide...

We consider the propagation of hydromagnetic waves generated by a compact turbulent source in low ionized plasmas, applying the Lighthill theory. We assume the plasma to be isothermal, and adopt a uniform, stationary medium thread by ordered magnetic fields as an initial condition. Then, the distinct properties of the hydromagnetic waves originating from a source oscillating with a fixed freque...

Compared with other modes of locomotion, swimming is energetically inexpensive. The costs of moving a unit mass of swimming animal are lower than for animal flight or terrestrial locomotion, but higher than those of human-engineered vehicles (SchmidtNielsen, 1972). To understand why, the efficiencies of the underlying processes that convert metabolic energy into mechanical power need to be dete...

We present a new layered, hardware-accelerated splatting algorithm for volume rendering. Layered volume splatting features the speed benefits of fast axis-aligned pre-classified sheet-buffer splatting while at the same time exhibiting display quality comparable to highquality post-classified view-aligned sheet-buffer splatting. Additionally, we enhance the quality by using a more accurate appro...

OBJECTIVES The objective was to analyze the accuracy and diagnostic value of the estimated regurgitant volume of mitral regurgitation using 1) left atrial volume variation during ventricular systole (left atrial filling volume) and 2) the percent of systolic pulmonary vein velocity integral compared with its total. BACKGROUND Left atrial filling volume (LAfill), which represents the atrial vo...

The basic element of Lighthill's "sandwich model" of tropical cyclones is the existence of "ocean spray," a layer intermediate between air and sea made up of a cloud of droplets that can be viewed as a "third fluid." We propose a mathematical model of the flow in the ocean spray based on a semiempirical turbulence theory and demonstrate that the availability of the ocean spray over the waves in...

Practically our entire understanding of large-scale atmosphere–ocean dynamics depends on the notions of balance and potential-vorticity inversion. These are essential, for instance, for a clear understanding of the basic Rossby-wave propagation mechanism, or quasi-elasticity, that underlies almost every large-scale fluid-dynamical phenomenon of meteorological and oceanographical interest, from ...