Abstract The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order of multilateralism (LIO I) to post–Cold postnational liberalism II). LIO has not been only rule-based but openly pursued social purpose with significant amount authority beyond nation-state. While institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards...

This study investigates some the reading passages in terms of hortatory messages. To this end a methodology based on Critical Discourse Analysis was adopted. The reading texts from ELT textbooks were examined through a model which drew on Fairclough's approach to CDA, specifically (Fairclough, 2003) in which three characteristic features of hortatory texts are introduced. The analysis reveals t...