This paper, the third in a series of three introduces the basics of the theory of extensors that are need for the a theory of multvector and extensor fields in arbitrary manifolds, developed in a following series of five papers. Key notions such as the extension and generalization operators of a given linear operator (a (1, 1)-extensor) acting on a real vector space V are introduced and studied...

BACKGROUND Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH), in the absence of symptoms, is a common clinical finding. The joint instability present due to excessive musculoskeletal flexibility in hypermobile joints impairs the external force production during muscle contraction. However, whether GJH is associated with muscle weakness is unclear. This study evaluated differences in upper and lower limb mu...

The aims of this study were to examine the acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, work, the joint angle at peak torque, acceleration time, isokinetic range of motion, mechanomyographic amplitude, and electromyographic amplitude of the rectus femoris during maximal concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 1.04 and 5.23 rad x s(-1) in men and women. Ten women (mean +/- s: age 23.0 +/- ...

This cross-sectional exploratory study aimed to quantify and compare the axial and appendicular bone mineral density (BMD), muscle mass, and muscle strength of middle-aged practitioners of Ving Tsun (VT; a hard-style Chinese martial art) with those of nonpractitioners.Eighteen VT practitioners (mean age ± standard deviation = 51.8 ± 17.7 years; 12 men and six women) and 36 active controls (mean...

BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 months of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) exercise on appendicular muscle mass and abdominal fat mass in subjects specifically at risk for sarcopenia and abdominal obesity, but unable or unwilling to exercise conventionally. METHODS Forty-six lean, nonsportive (<60 minutes of exercise per week), elderly women...

PURPOSE The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of adding strength training to normal endurance training on running performance and running economy in well-trained female athletes. We hypothesized that the added strength training would improve performance and running economy through altered stiffness of the muscle-tendon complex of leg extensors. METHODS Nineteen femal...

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and physical fitness levels (PFLs) in elderly women with low bone mass and without fractures, with a further goal of developing preventive programs involving efficient exercises for osteoporotic fractures and falls. The subjects comprised 133 females over 65 years of age whose quantita...