Writing academic texts by novice researchers requires a framework and support by learning how to cite the works of others. However, compared to the studies on other academic writings, studying citations by considering certainty markers has received little attention. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the shifts of certainty markers (hedges and boosters) in pre- and post-citation ...

Evidence occupies a paramount position in any logical endeavor and research article is consensually considered a predominant site of such an endeavor. One interesting area of rhetoric which addresses the source and reliability of evidence is quality metadiscourse. In this qualitative study, quality metadiscourse strategies (i.e., evidentials, hedges, boosters and disclaimers) are examined to in...

The Space Transportation System (STS) consists of three primary components; an Orbiter Vehicle, an External Fuel Tank, and two Solid Rocket Boosters. The Orbiter Vehicle and Solid Rocket Boosters are reusable components, and as such, they are susceptible to durability issues. Recently, the fatigue load spectra for these components have been updated to include load histories acquired during the ...

We evaluated the coverages of expanded program immunization in children under 6 years old for 2021. conducted a cross-sectional survey from October to November 2021, poor municipality Colombia (73,653 inhabitants, 5,796 <6 year) mainly affected by armed conflict. A two-stage cluster sampling with precision 5.5% and design effect 2 was performed. considered non-response rate 20%. In each househo...

In the reviewed literature, many studies have compared research articles written by L1 and L2 speakers of English. this regard, comparing English from two different linguistic backgrounds distinguishes study similar studies. While writing article abstract, writers need to calculate what weight give their arguments while showing credibility authority at same time. Given these reasons, use hedges...

We summarize here the main characteristics of a novel model of pulmonary hypersensitivity. Mice were immunized with a subcutaneous implant of a fragment of heat solidified chicken egg white and 14 days later challenged with ovalbumin given either by aerosol or by intratracheal instillation. This procedure induces a persistent eosinophilic lung inflammation, a marked bone marrow eosinophilia, an...