A great deal of scientists and philosophers made the history of humanity heavily indebted, blossoming out during the Islamic Golden Age. Tracing the development of Muslim civilization, we can observe distinct thinking methods which have improved different facets of society. Contributing to the promotion of civilization, mathematics and its various apparatus cannot be neglected. Khwārizmī is the...

the concept of shoura (council), and the relationship between shoura and democracy, has a key role in development of religious modernist debates in muslim world. the “general theory of shoura” is one of these theories on islamic democracy that provided and developed by dr. towfiq mohammad al-shavi(birth, 1918/egypt). the three aspects of his theory are: 1) the religious basis of shoura that pro...

islamic mysticism or sufism is one of the most outstanding appearances of islamic culture that has had a fundamental and undeniable role in the history of islam. a careful study of the history and development of the movements of islamic culture shows that this movement, like most other ones, has been originated from, developed, and cultivated in an islamic environment, though it has undoubtedly...

in historical sources and studies, among abbasid caliphs, al-amin (april 787 – 24/25 september 813) characterized as a caliph with moral vices. this negative picture emerged from the accounts of muslims historiographical texts, such as al-akhbâr al-tiwâl, in first centuries of islam and the contemporary historical studies about abbasid caliphate, based on that accounts, accept it as his real, h...

The rise of European science during the Renaissance is greatly indebted to the flourishing of the sciences during the Islamic Golden Age. However, some believe that medieval Islamic physicians and in particular surgeons had been merely a medium for Greco-Roman ideas. Contrarily, in some medieval Islamic medical books, such as Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi (936-1013), the surgical instructions represe...