The nature and status of psychological laws are a long-standing controversy. I will argue that part of the controversy stems from the distinctive nature of an important subset of those laws, which I’ll call “supple laws.” An emergent-model strategy taken by the new interdisciplinary field of artificial life provides a strikingly successful understanding of analogously supple laws in biology. So...

Background and aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of enforcement of new traffic laws on the fatal and non- fatal injury rates in Iran. Methods: In a longitudinal, interventional controlled trial study, all subjects with history of fatal and non-fatal injuries were studied. Their injuries were caused by six risky violations (unauthorized speed, illegal overtaking, red traffic light c...

one of the modern phenomena in human societies is having children from a rented womb in which the woman who is owner of the womb, bears sperm of another person in her womb and after spending pregnancy period, delivers the newborn child to the couple owning the gamete on based on presigned contract. there are a few statements in the juridical laws of many countries among them iran concerning thi...

Laws of nature take center stage in philosophy of science. Laws are usually believed to stand in a tight conceptual relation to many important key concepts such as causation, explanation, confirmation, determinism, counterfactuals etc. Traditionally, philosophers of science have focused on physical laws, which were taken to be at least true, universal statements that support counterfactual clai...

For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penaltie...

Using the overcharge estimates for 395 cartel episodes, we evaluate econometrically the impact of different cartels characteristics on the size of overcharges imposed by cartels on different geographic markets and during different antitrust law regimes starting from the 18 century. We analyze the overcharges imposed by food industry cartels relative to those imposed by other industry cartels. T...

A random variableX is geometrically infinitely divisible iff for every p ∈ (0, 1) there exists random variable Xp such that X d = ∑T (p) k=1 Xp,k, where Xp,k’s are i.i.d. copies of Xp, and random variable T (p) independent of {Xp,1, Xp,2, . . .} has geometric distribution with the parameter p. In the paper we give some new characterization of geometrically infinitely divisible distribution. The...