Multicentre randomised trials are complex projects with many operational uncertainties. The embedding of a formal check upon study progress and viability at a pre-specified time point (sometimes referred to as an 'internal pilot') is becoming increasingly common within multicentre pragmatic randomised trials. However, it is worth considering this practice. We argue that most, if not all, multic...

Social software provides powerful tools for international cooperation and communication which are applied at low cost for development projects. The international application of these seemingly global systems brings great risks of misunderstandings between project partners. We show how problems can occur in the discussion structures of blogs and in the construction of social capital in social so...

One of the reasons that companies avoid paying their taxes is that they choose to use debts for their funding. In other words, tax saving, an activity of companies to avoid taxpaying, can be used to finance corporate projects. Furthermore, since institutional owners are more inclined to supervise, they may shrink managerial behaviors to avoid taxpaying. In this study, institutional owners’ supe...

BACKGROUND Mounting evidence linking aspects of social capital to health and wellbeing outcomes, in particular to reducing health inequities, has led to intense interest in social capital theory within public health in recent decades. As a result, governments internationally are designing interventions to improve health and wellbeing by addressing levels of social capital in communities. The ap...

this paper explores the leverage determinants across firms’ sizesbased on the two main theories behind the capital structure, the trade-offand the pecking order theories. a panel data is sued to find therelationship between capital structure and the variables that proxy forbenefits and costs of debt during 1990 to 2006. our findings show thatboth principles help to explain the capital structure...

The Modigliani-Miller Theorem on the irrelevance of corporate capital structure is perhaps the best-known result in modern finance. Simply put, the theorem states that, under certain assumptions, the market value of a firm is independent of its capital structure. Under the stylized assumptions of the theorem, substituting equity for debt or adding layers of debt to the capital structure of a fi...

The 2013 Final Rule on major capital investment projects revised the measures that FTA uses to evaluate and rate proposed major transit projects. Among the revised measures, the Final Rule specifies that mobility benefits are now measured as the predicted number of trips that would use the project, with a weight of 2.0 applied to project trips that would be made by transit dependents. The Final...

large and complex infrastructure projects involve various risk factors and successful implementation of such project depends on effective management of the key risk factors. this paper reviews the literature to identify essential risk variables associated with infrastructure projects. base of these risk variables and case studies of same projects, a survey is conducted to isolate and assess the...