Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract A multi-layer land surface model (SOLVEG) is dynamically coupled to the non-hydrostatic atmospheric model (MM5) in order to represent better spatial variations and changes in land surface characteristics compared with the land surface para...

Nearly 8 million dry tons (7 256 000 t) of municipal sewage sludge are produced each year in the USA by the more than 15 000 publicly owned treatment plants and the tonnage is increasing. Municipalities are faced with increasing cost of incineration, decreasing land for and increasing costs of landfills, and environmental concerns over ocean dumping. Under the circumstances, the attractiveness ...

A combined intervention of strength and endurance training is common practice in elite swimming training, but the scientific evidence is scarce. The influences between strength and endurance training have been investigated in other sports but the findings are scattered. Some state the interventions are negative to each other, some state there is no negative relationship and some find bisected a...

Background: Physical activity, whether in water or on land, can improve motor disorders in the elderly. However, the more effective type of exercise remains inconspicuous. Aim: To compare the effects of aquatic and land-based exercises on the bio-motor abilities of elderly men. Method: This clinical trial was performed on 60 elderly men visiting Imamat and Daneshamuz health centers in Mashhad, ...

New Zealand has a legal 3D cadastre, and has done since the inception of its cadastral survey and tenure systems around 150 years ago. However, the digital representation of the cadastre is 2D with 3D situations handled via static plan, section and elevation images and supporting textual information. Work is currently underway to develop a 3D digital cadastre that will enable the 3D spatial ext...

The U.S. economic development in the nineteenth century is characterized by the westward movement of population and the accumulation of productive land in the West. What are the quantitatively important forces driving this phenomena? This paper presents a model of migration and land improvement, to address this question. Counterfactual experiments reveals that two forces are key in accounting f...

Advocates of land-titling programs in developing countries posit that these programs lead to a multitude of benefits, including health improvements. This paper presents the results of a child health survey of several Lima communities after various time exposures to Peru's urban land-titling program. The results provide suggestive evidence that improved property rights increase children's weight...