Introduction: Reducing the labour by an unskilful person is an important strategy in promotion of mother's health and reducing the maternal mortality as the fifth millennium development goals. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive study was accomplishd in 2010.The samples were 189 Iranian mothers with labour by unskilful person in urban and rural area affiliated to Mashhad University of M...

Background and aim: The third stage of labour is one of the most troublesome stages of child delivery. The basic principle of the third stage management is administrating prophylactic uterotonics. However, the time of its administration varies in different hospitals. This study aimed to determine the effect of intramuscular oxytocin injection after emergence of the fetal anterior shoulder or pl...

 Abstract Background and objective: Pain relief during labour is an important determinant of a women’s birth experience. There are numerous pain relief techniques which can be used either with or without pain medication. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of remifentanil alone and its effect in pain relief while using with ketamine during labour. Methods: After obtaining informed co...

0003-3472/$38.00 The Association for the Study of A doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.11.019 Individuals in many types of animal groups show both reproductive and task-related division of labour. In some social insect species, such division of labour may be related to the spatial organization of workers inside the nest. We examined colonies of bumblebees and found that (1) 11–13% of workers maintained...

The region of North Africa (NA) represents a striking locality regarding migration with several migration patterns, namely emigration in the form of labour export to Europe and North America and, to a lesser extent, to the Arab Gulf area. The latter has increased enormously in the last decade because of the political instability in most of the NA countries. The aim of the present chapter was to...

The opinions in the paper are ours alone and do not represent the views of the International Labour Organization (who originally commissioned the study) or other bodies. For helpful comments, we thank Summary The paper studies the labour markets of Eastern Europe. It uses new data on 60,000 randomly sampled workers in the transition economies. To allow a comparison, the paper analyses Western d...

Accounts of the founding of the International Labour Organization (ILO) usually emphasize the role of social-reformist intellectuals and politicians. Despite the indisputable role of these actors, however, the international labour movement was the actual initiator of this process. Over the course of World War I, the international labour movement proposed a comprehensive programme of protection ...

Deeply conserved molecular mechanisms regulate food-searching behaviour in response to nutritional cues in a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Studies of the highly eusocial honey bee have shown that nutritional physiology and some conserved nutrient signalling pathways, especially the insulin pathway, also regulate the division of labour between foraging and non-foraging individua...

This article describes and critically appraises clinical trials assessing misoprostol effectiveness in preventing primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in home and community settings in low- and middle-income countries. Of 172 identified studies of misoprostol use in labour only six fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All trials used 600 μg misoprostol in the intervention arm; three assessed misop...

The 1984 International Labour Conference Resolution concerning the improvement of the working conditions and the environment laid down the fundamental objectives and principles on which the Infocus Programme on Safety and Health and the Environment (SafeWork) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) is based. The protection of the worker against ionizing radiations falls naturally within ...