This article describes two studies that examined the effects of pictorial and written annotations on second language (L2) vocabulary learning from a multimedia environment. In both studies, students were randomly assigned to one of four aural multimedia groups: a control group that received no annotations, and three treatment groups that provided written, pictorial, or both written and pictoria...

This study explores the complex relationships between language learning motivation, vocabulary strategies, and two components of second knowledge (i.e., size depth), within framework self-regulated learning. Responses to questionnaires were gathered from 185 secondary-level Korean adolescent learners English as a foreign language, regarding their motivation strategy use; additionally, results d...

The classical interpolation theorem of Craig (cf. e.g. [ChK73]) states that if φ ⇒ ψ is a valid first order predicate logic formula, then there exists a first order formula θ built using only nonlogical symbols occurring in both φ and ψ and, possibly, equality, such that the formulas φ ⇒ θ and θ ⇒ ψ are valid too. A formula θ with this property is called an interpolant between φ and ψ. Similar ...

This study investigated the relationship between teaching L2 semantic tasks (collocation vs. definition) in vocabulary achievement of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To this end, 60 students at intermediate level studying in the Simin Institute were selected from a total number of 100 participants based on their performance on Oxford Placement Test. After ensuring the criterion of homogeneit...

Reading picture books in the first language (L1) before rereading them second (L2) is assumed to be beneficial for young dual learners (DLLs). This pilot study examined how sharing digital L1 or L2 at home reading kindergarten affected book-specific vocabulary learning and story comprehension. Participants were 14 three- four-year-old children who spoke Polish learned Norwegian as their languag...

Incidental vocabulary acquisition is the primary way for second language learners to acquire knowledge and adding glosses has been proven a great contributor this process. Generally speaking, refer translation equivalent words, L2 synonyms or brief explanations of target words. This paper reviewed studies on role in incidental reading terms gloss languages, types, locations modalities. Findings...