The carbohydrate epitope L2/HNK-1 (hereafter designated L2) is expressed in the adult mouse by myelinating Schwann cells of ventral roots and muscle nerves, but rarely by those of dorsal roots or cutaneous nerves. Since substrate-coated L2 glycolipids promote outgrowth of cultured motor but not sensory neurons, L2 may thus influence the preferential reinnervation of muscle nerves by regeneratin...

Teachers can influence the complex process of learning in education, in general, and in second/foreign language (L2) learning in particular. In this light, understanding the factors influencing teachers’ pedagogical success can help L2 teachers achieve more effective teaching. This study then investigated the role of spiritual intelligence (SI) in L2 teachers’ pedagogical success. In so doing, ...

syntax trees are represented as Prolog terms but at the same time with an acceptable concrete appearance. A defining interpreter consists of the following predicates. program(program, final-storage) statement(statement, storage-before, storage-after) expression(expression, storage, integer) condition(condition, storage, ftrue, falseg) Some of the rules of this interpreter are shown in the follo...

We consider the problem of identifying sharp criteria under which radial H (finite energy) solutions to the focusing 3d cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) i∂tu + ∆u + |u|2u = 0 scatter, i.e. approach the solution to a linear Schrödinger equation as t → ±∞. The criteria is expressed in terms of the scale-invariant quantities ‖u0‖L2‖∇u0‖L2 and M [u]E[u], where u0 denotes the initial data,...

This study examines the relationship between both first language (L1) and second language (L2) reading attitudes, and learners' performance in L2 extensive reading. Four reading attitude variables were identified (Comfort, Anxiety, Value, Self-perception), both in L1 and L2, according to learners' responses to a questionnaire. Results of analyses using these four variables are summarised on two...

Interneurons play a key role in cortical function and dysfunction, yet organization of cortical interneuronal circuitry remains poorly understood. Cortical Layer 1 (L1) contains 2 general GABAergic interneuron groups, namely single bouquet cells (SBCs) and elongated neurogliaform cells (ENGCs). SBCs predominantly make unidirectional inhibitory connections (SBC→) with L2/3 interneurons, whereas ...

In Dörnyei’s (2009a) theorizing, motivation is conceptualized to be generated by discomfort associated with the learner’s experience of a discrepancy between their current L2 self, and their ideal L2 self. However, in the L2 Motivational Self System, this discrepancy is not operationalized. A questionnaire containing measures of current L2 selves was administered to two cohorts of students lear...

The aim of the paper is to study the production of Estonian vowel categories by L2 speakers of Estonian with a Russianlanguage background and to compare the results with perception data from the same subjects. Ten native Estonian subjects and ten L2 speakers participated in both the reading of an Estonian text corpus and the perception experiment. It was found that mostly the production and per...

In L2 development, the cognitive complexity of tasks plays a crucial role in task performance and language features produced. However, there have only been few studies addressing the impact of task complexity on EFL learners' attention to L2 system and form-focused self-repairs (FFS).This study explores the role of increasing cognitive task complexity in EFL learners' form-focused attention (FF...

Since Heubner's (1985) pioneering study, there have been many studies on (mis) use/ non-use of articles by L2 learners from article-less and article languages. The present study investigated how Persian L2 learners of English produce and interpret English definite descriptions and demonstrative descriptions. It was assumed that definite and demonstrative descriptions share the same central sema...