"Bottom-up" influences, that is, masting, plus population density and climate, commonly influence woodland rodent demography. However, "top-down" influences (predation) also intervene. Here, we assess the impacts of masting, climate, and density on rodent populations placed in the context of what is known about "top-down" influences. To explain between-year variations in bank vole Myodes glareo...

A composting toilet, using charcoal and rice husk as matrixes, requires inactivation treatment against pathogenic microorganisms derived from human feces before agricultural reuse. High pH conditions by adding calcium oxide (CaO) and wood ash is effective for lethal inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. However, quantitative information about application is limited. Therefore this study investig...

Minable rock phosphate is a finite resource. Replacing mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizer with P-rich secondary resources is one way to manage P more efficiently, but the importance of physicochemical and microbial soil processes induced by secondary resources for plant P uptake is still poorly understood. Using radioactive-labeling techniques, the fertilization effects of dairy manure, fish slu...

Commercial bamboo chips were evaluated as raw material for dissolving pulp production. The chips were auto-hydrolyzed (AH) and subsequently cooked by the NaOH/AQ process and bleached to full brightness with the O-CCE-D-(EP)-D-P sequence. The term CCE designates a cold caustic extraction stage. The bamboo chip chemistry (22.4% lignin, 19.5% xylans, 49.3% cellulose, 16.8% total extractives, and 1...

The present approach for determining the electrophilicity (E) and nucleophilicity (N) of aldehydes includes a kinetic study of KMNO4 oxidation and NaBH4 reduction of aldehydes. A transition state analysis of the KMNO4 promoted aldehyde oxidation reaction has been performed, which shows a very good correlation with experimental results. The validity of the experimental method has been tested usi...

Understanding the cause of patchy bone distributions in archaeological sites requires that one distinguish bone decomposition in place from ‘‘empty’’ areas where bones were never present. Marked horizontal variations in bone abundance are found in the thick Mousterian layer (E) of Hayonim Cave, a large Paleolithic site in northern Israel. Infra-red analyses of minerals in the sediments identify...

Abstract In search for greener building materials, geopolymer wood composites (GWC) were produced through alkali activation of fly ash, using pine and eucalypt particles. The study examined the influence grinding species hot water treatment particles on physical properties specific compressive strength GWC before after 200 cycles soaking drying. Ash-grinding affected particle size distribution,...

Abstract The use of renewable energy from wood biomass which is processed in the form pellet are environmentally friendly, sustainable and also to reduce greenhouse effect environmental pollution. main problem quality a Gliricidia Calliandra ash content (1%) has not fulfilled Europe standard requirement A1-EN14961 (ash ≤ 0.7%) yet fulfills A2-EN14961 standard. effort lower by debarking mixing w...

In order to assess the effects of wood ash application to forests on small mammals, we collected bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and common shrews (Sorex araneus) from a forest area in southern Finland. Part of the sample population was from sites that had been treated with ash 1.5 years earlier, part from untreated control sites. The ash increased the soil pH and gave an average cadmium l...

The aim of the paper is to highlight importance calorific properties softwood biomass. presents caloric power and ash content, important in assessment wood Biomass, form wood, was will remain an combustible material. value content for spruce 3.8% 4.2% fir. These values are within international standards. Wood biomass, as a material can provide energy need population at reduced price. combustion...