In an Internet search, the user uses a query language to describe the nature of documents, and, in response, a search engine locates the documents that ‘‘best match’’ the description. A number of search engines are available to Internet users today and more are likely to appear in the future. These systems differ from one another in the indexing technique they use to construct the repository of...

A multiobjective programming algorithm may find multiple nondominated solutions. If these solutions are scattered more uniformly over the Pareto frontier in the objective space, they are more different choices and hence their quality is better. In this paper, we propose a quality measure called U-measure to measure the uniformity of a given set of nondominated solutions over the Pareto frontier...

Age standardized mortality rates (SMR) vary between 43 and 162 per 100,000 inhabitants from cervical cancer in different areas in England, between 19 and 250 from tuberculosis, between 31 and 249 for asthma, between 0 and 263 from rheumatic heart disease, from 0 to 379 for acute respiratory disease, from 18 to 279 for abdominal hernias, and from 0 to 228 for appendicitis. Essentially similar di...

As cities change, researchers and policy makers try to understand the ways that economic, social, political and environmental factors as well as public policies influence the quality of life (QOL) of a place, and for groups and individuals. Many studies have been undertaken to identify and measure indicators, using quantitative and qualitative data sets, which contribute to QOL. An overview of ...

Many recovery procedures have been developed in recent years. A carrier aiming at guaranteeing an appropriate level of resilience faces the following problem: Which of the proposed recovery procedures should be deployed to maximize revenue? The answer requires many decisions. Some key questions can be formulated as follows: Which procedures can be deployed in a particular network?; Which of the...