nematallaheyyeh doctrine in qajar period created some actions and reactions between the two powerful streams of jurdical and monarchy. study of the ups and downs of the triple process is one of the significant issues in the social history of the qajar era. in the present study, three streams mentioned interactions with each other, with regard to the doctrine nematallahyeh what caused of  stagna...

the historical background of the dastgāh concept, and the process through which it replaced the maqām system, still remains a major question in the history of persian music. it is usually vaguely assumed that both concepts of the dastgāh and the radīf were introduced to persian music during the qajar era. the present paper is a first attempt to shed light on the issue through a historical music...

Hippocrates (around 460−370 BCE) was a Greek physician and philosopher who is considered the father of modern medicine (Figure 1). The history of epidemiology typically starts with Hippocrates in about 400 BCE but then more than 2000 years are skipped until the birth of modern epidemiology in the 17th century CE with the work of John Graunt, followed by William Farr and John Snow in the 19th ce...

The article explores the panditas and their role function in Philippine history, examining selected depictions Spanish English sources from 17th century until early 20th centuries. As precolonial figures that illustrate link of Philippines to broader Malay world, gradually acquired embodied Islamic elements into amorphous identity practice, ultimately becoming knowledge, spirituality, culture M...

Throughout history until today, the Islamic world has been witness to various movements which have been formed in response to special demands. The current article aims to address the similarities and differences between the political thought[1] of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and two movements in Indonesia namely the Nahdatul Ulama (NU) and the Muhammadiyah movements using a descriptive-compa...

The history of science is often regarded today as the progressive accumulation of techniques and the refinement of quantitative methods in the study of Nature. Such a point of view considers the present conception of science to be the only valid one; it therefore judges the sciences of other civilizations in the light of modern science and evaluates them primarily with respect to their "develop...