One of the puzzling problems for the student of southern African history is how to determine the nature and extent of the relationships among African peoples. The difficulty becomes more acute as one probes back in time to the earliest Iron Age, a period in which few research tools are effective. In this study, the early history and possible affinities among the Sotho, Shona, and Venda will be ...

From the cultural-geographical perspective, the Qom plain is part of the cultural area of ​​the Central Plateau of Iran. Archaeologically, this region had many contacts with other areas of the Central Plateau such as the plains of Kāshān, Sāveh, Qazvin, and Rey. It also had relations with the synchronous centers in the northeast, northwest, central Zāgros, and Khuzestān plain. This is due to it...

Graves’ (GD) hyperthyroidism induces accelerated bone turnover that leads to decreased bone mineral density (BMD). The role of the VDR gene in predisposition to primary osteoporosis has been recognized. Recent studies show associations between the VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Here we analyzed if VDR gene polymorphisms: BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI may predispo...

OBJECTIVE Conventional therapies for Graves' disease, consisting of medical therapy or radioiodine are unsatisfactory, because of limited efficacy and adverse events. Interventions aimed at the underlying autoimmune pathogenesis of Graves' disease may be worthwhile to explore. We therefore performed a prospective, 26-week phase II study with open-ended observational extension to assess the effi...

Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete countries, is associated with the presence of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) that are responsible for thyroid growth and hyperfunction. In this article, we report the unusual case of a patient with acromegaly and a severe form of Graves' disease. Here, we address the issue concerning the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin...

Although the etiology of Graves' disease is still not clear, it is generally suggested that environmental factors such as infections contribute to the development of Graves' disease. We report here three cases of Graves' disease which presented simultaneously with infectious mononucleosis due to primary EBV infection. Acute EBV infection might play an important role in the onset of Graves' dise...

introduction: hyperthyroidism is a relatively common disorder caused by different etiologies. graves’ disease, and toxic-nodular goiter (plummer’s disease) are among the most common causes. treatment with radioiodine is considered to be the treatment of choice in many of the patients. higher biological half-life of ¹³¹i in hyperthyroid patients as compared with patients with differentiated thyr...

Background Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is a component of Graves’ disease (GD) that is difficult to treat and may be very debilitating for the patient. Orbitopathy (ophthalmopathy [harder to pronounce]) is a significant problem for about 5% to 10% of patients with Graves’ disease. The factors that cause a predisposition to it are not clear. The current study examines a database of patients with Gra...