This paper considers how sanctions affected the Iranian economy using a novel measure of intensity based on daily newspaper coverage. It finds to have significant effects exchange rates, inflation, and output growth, with rial over-reacting sanctions, followed up rise in inflation fall output. In absence Iran's average annual growth could been around 4 - 5 per cent, as compared 3 cent realized....

BACKGROUND In the scientometric, the main criterion in determining the scientific position and ranking of the scientific centers, particularly the universities, is the rate of scientific production and innovation, and in all participations in the global scientific development. One of the subjects more involved in repeatedly dealt with science and technology and effective on the improvement of h...

The history of early attempts of blood transfusion in Iran traces back to the 1940s; however, around three decades later in 1974, the Iranian National Blood Transfusion Service (Sazeman-e Melli-e Enteqal-e Khun-e Iran) was founded by the outstanding hematologist, Professor Fereydoun Ala. The main goals of this centralized organization were to collect blood from healthy voluntary donors, to scre...

The Human Genome Project (HGP) refers to the international scientific research program, formally begun in October 1990 and completed in 2003, mainly designated to discover all the human genes, analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of all human genes and also making them accessible for further biological and medical investigations. With the appropriate rationale appro...

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the rate of scientific articles published in scientific journals is one of the indicators of assessing the status of science and technology. an increase in these publications is a sign of the movement of the society towards development and promotion. in this article, the rate of scientific publications in scientific journals (types a and b) during the years 2002 and 2003 will be analyzed. in or...