Injection from an external ion source into a cyclotron results in unavoidable emittance growth when the cyclotron’s first turn radius is small compared with the pole gap. In such a congested geometry, the injected beam first has the two transverse directions coupled on entering the axial magnetic field of the cyclotron, then transverse and longitudinal phase spaces are coupled by the inflector....

Introduction: Microdosimetry is a fundamental method that studies the nature of energy transfer in micron volumes in the particular biological cells. In a biological target, the amount of ionization does not indicate the magnitude of biological radiation-induced damage. However, the severity of biological harm depends strongly on the amount of the linear energy transfer along t...

Galactic cosmic rays have been positively correlated to the Earth’s low cloud cover. It is now evident that cosmic ray ionization is linked to lowering nucleation barriers and promoting early charged particle growth into the Aitken range. There is a substantially high probability that some of the charged particles grow to the 100 nm range and beyond to become CCN. There is also evidence that el...

We present the observation of an autoionization cesium 37D5/2 Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases and analyze mechanism. The process is investigated by varying delay time tD atomic density. dependence ionization signals on density shows that has effect not only initial ion but also evolution atoms. results reveal mostly attributed to blackbody radiation (BBR)-induced photoionization, BBR-induced t...

We use a 2D drift-diffusion model to study the nonlinear response of a partially depleted absorber (PDA) phododetector. The model includes external loading, incomplete ionization, the Franz-Keldysh effect, and history-dependent impact ionization. It also takes into account heat flow in the device. With all these effects included, we obtain excellent agreement with experiments for the responsivi...

We report the first experimental measurement of the near-threshold photoionization spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon clusters made of pyrene C16H10 and coronene C24H12, obtained using imaging photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectrometry with a VUV synchrotron beamline. The experimental results of the ionization energy are compared to calculated ones obtained from simulations using d...

Two simple multiple linear regression models were proposed to calculate the logarithm of the blood to brain concentration ratio (log BB) of drugs or drug-like compounds. The drugs were classified into two groups according to their ionization state in blood, and the significant parameters were selected using the train sets for each group. For un-ionizable compounds, the logarithm of distribution...