Many observations indicate the occurrence of ionised gas in the distant halos of galaxies (including our own). Since photoionisation by stars (mainly O stars, young or evolved low-mass stars depending on the kind of galaxy) does not seem to be exclusively responsible for the ionisation of the hydrogen filaments that should otherwise cool fast and recombine quickly, the question arises which ext...

OBJECTIVE To characterize a novel method for field-size quality assurance of a variable approximately circular aperture collimator by means of dose-area product measurements and to validate its practical use over two years of clinical application. METHODS   To assess methodical limitations, we analyze measurement errors due to change in linac output, beam tuning, uncertainty in MU delivery, d...

A detailed analysis of the responses of the equatorial ionosphere to a large number of severe magnetic storms shows the rapid and remarkable collapse of F-region ionisation during post-midnight hours; this is at variance with the presently accepted general behaviour of the low-latitude ionosphere during magnetic storms. This paper discusses such responses as seen in the ionosonde data at Kodaik...

The hyphenation of liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry is reported using a custom-made dynamic nano-electrospray ionisation (nano-ESI) interface. The analysis of pharmaceutical actives is described, including beta blocker (timolol), antidepressant (paroxetine), analgesic (paracetamol) and opiate (codeine) preparations. On-line ultraviolet diode array (UV) s...

STARTRACK experiment (acronym of STructure of hAdRonic TRACK) aims to measure ionisation cluster distributions in nanometric sites placed at different distances from an accelerated charged particle track. STARTRACK uses a 20 nm wall-less detector [1], already used for studying the nanometric track structure of a Cm alpha particle [2], and then it will use a new detector designed for measuring i...

Negative-ion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry with an anionic phosphine ligand enables detection of key intermediates in the Sonogashira reaction. MS/MS techniques are used to generate a Hammett plot for the key reductive elimination step.

The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is an important parameter in heavy ion treatment planning. It is well known that the RBE does not only depend on the LET of a particle, but also on the ion sort.. This can be explained by the difference in the local ionisation distribution for different kind of ions, expressed by LET and radial ionisation distribution. Our goal is to measure these par...