PURPOSE To report two cases of chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema, resistant to topical therapy, treated with consecutive intravitreal injections of ketorolac tromethamine. METHODS Four daily intravitreal injections of 500 μg/0.05 mL of ketorolac were given to each patient. Complete clinical examination and OCT were performed before every injection, 1, 2, 3 weeks, and 1, 3, and 6 mon...

Macular edema (ME) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) often impairs central vision dramatically. A 41-year-old woman diagnosed with RP was referred to our outpatient clinic due to severe visual deterioration in both eyes. The patient was treated with topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, topical corticosteroids and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injections, but her ME recurred. Intravitreal 0....

A case is reported of a 35-year-old male with established acquired immune deficiency syndrome who developed cytomegalovirus retinitis. When intravenous treatment with ganciclovir had to be withdrawn because of toxicity, one eye was treated successfully by intravitreal injections of the drug. After 15 weeks of intravitreal treatment this eye developed endophthalmitis.

Endophthalmitis is an uncommon but often visually devastating complication of intravitreal injections. This commentary reviews the key aspects and technical components of intravitreal injections and how they may relate to the development of endophthalmitis. Because endophthalmitis is a rare event, data are often lacking on specific aspects of injection technique that may or may not be helpful i...

of blindness among the elderly. In the US, more than eight million people suffer from this disease; this number is projected to increase many-fold by 2020.1 AMD can be of the dry and wet form and is a consequence of excessive aging associated with alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In wet AMD, CNV occurs with fluid build-up in the sub-retinal space. The dry form of AMD is asso...

PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of topical and subconjunctival anesthesia in intravitreal injection administrations. METHODS Twenty-eight patients from a university clinic with bilateral diabetic macular edema were prospectively randomized to receive intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone under topical anesthesia for one eye and subconjunctival anesthesia for the other eye by using...

PURPOSE To investigate the short-term effects of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) combined with an intravitreal injection of Avastin(bevacizumab) as an adjuvant to high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS The data was collected retrospectively from the eyes of high-risk PDR patients, which were divided into two groups. One eye was treated with only PRP (PRP only group) and...

BACKGROUND Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone has been advocated to treat exudative macular diseases such as macular edema and choroidal neovascularization. OBJECTIVE To describe 7 patients who developed a clinical picture simulating endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone injection. METHODS Intravitreal triamcinolone injections were performed to treat refractory cystoid macul...

PURPOSE To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcome after intravitreal ranibizumab injection in 2 patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) related to Irvine-Gass syndrome. METHODS Two patients with pseudophakic CME refractory to current standard topical treatment were enrolled in this study. Intravitreal (0.5 mg/0.05 mL) ranibizumab injection was performed. Baseline visits included bes...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Guidance on the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) is lacking. This study aimed to develop a clinically recommended treatment paradigm for DME with emphasis on the role of corticosteroids. PATIENTS AND METHODS An expert panel of nine retinal specialists in the United States developed consensus recommendations for DME treatment thro...