Longstanding recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Paediatrics Society, and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition state that the nutritional management of preterm infants, especially of extremely preterm (EPT) infants, should support growth at a rate that approximates the rate of intrauterine growth. However, extrauterine gr...

Longstanding recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics,1,2 the Canadian Paediatrics Society,3 and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition4,5 state that the nutritional management of preterm infants, especially of extremely preterm (EPT) infants, should support growth at a rate that approximates the rate of intrauterine growth. However, extraute...

Intrauterine growth restriction refers to the inability of the fetus to reach its genetically determined potential size. Fetal growth restriction affects approximately 5-15% of all pregnancies in the United States and Europe. In developing countries the occurrence varies widely between 10 and 55%, impacting about 30 million newborns per year. Besides having high perinatal mortality rates these ...

A study of 190 Philippine family planning clinics revealed that certain clinic and physician characteristics were significantly and positively associated with clinic effectiveness, defined in terms of the mean number of monthly acceptors of family planning and the efficacy of the methods selected. Clinics with a high degree of effectiveness were more likely to be staffed by physicians who wante...

background: intrauterine device (iud) is an effective and long term method of contraception that can be used without continued effort by the user to prevent pregnancy perfectly. pain during iud insertion is one of the obstacles to properly using the device. thus, using different methods of analgesia and anesthesia to alleviate this pain has been studied by many researchers. this review article ...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can be described as condition in which fetus fails to reach his potential growth. It is common diagnosis in obstetrics, and carries an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Moreover, IUGR has lifelong implications on health, especially on neurological outcome. There is a need for additional neurological assessment during monitoring of fetal ...

OBJECTIVE to evaluate neonatal morbidity and mortality in monochorionic-diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies complicated by selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) and non-selective intrauterine growth resctriction (nsIUGR). METHODS neonatal morbidity parameters and mortality were analyzed in 34 twins with IUGR (< 10th percentile on twins' growth charts): 18 with sIUGR and 16 with nsI...

nancy-related estrogen surges may increase cervical production of HPV-resistant glandular-endocervical cells such that periods spent pregnant might be protective. The dose–response trend and direction of the association with established risk factors, parity, cigarette smoking and number of lifetime-sexual partners, suggest associations found are unlikely to be due to chance. Detection bias is u...

Reduced fetal growth is seen in about 10% of the pregnancies but only a minority has a pathological background and is known as intrauterine growth restriction or fetal growth restriction (IUGR / FGR). Increased fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity as well as adult pathologic conditions are often associated to IUGR. Risk factors for IUGR are easy to assess but have poor predictive value. F...