introduction: the present study was conducted to analyze the knowledge of general dentists of kermanshah about root canal therapy in 2012. methods: in this descriptive cross-sectional study, a two-part questionnaire was designed and given to 93 general dentists in kermanshah to complete. the first part of the questionnaire comprised of personal and professional information of the participant de...

First, some basic notions of transparent intensional logic (TIL) are introduced. Secondly, it is studied how natural-language interrogatives are analyzed in TIL.

This report describes the clinical procedures involved in the treatment of a complicated crown-root fracture in the maxillary left central incisor with a wide open apex of a 10-year-old male patient, due to fall from his own height. Post-trauma treatment comprised cervical pulpotomy and adhesive tooth fragment reattachment. After 1 year, clinical and radiograph examinations showed pulp necrosis...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiencies of the self-adjusting file (SAF) system, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and conventional irrigation (CI) in removing calcium hydroxide (CH) from root canals. Fifty-one mandibular premolars were used. After root canals were instrumented and filled with a CH paste, 45 teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups according t...

bowel effected, but not without slightly enlarging the internal ring by a nick with the knife upwards. The sac was ligatured flush with the internal ring and cut off, and the ring constricted and the inguinal canal obliterated with a continuous blanket stitch of " thirty day " catgut, the skin incision closed and a gelatine dressing applied. For 24 hours after operation there was considerable d...

A patient presented with an intraoral red, painful, and hard swelling in the lower right jaw. Radiographs showed a 2 x 1 cm area of radiopaque material surrounding the apex of the second premolar. The material, according to the patient's dentist, was calcium hydroxide paste used as a temporary dressing material in the root canal. The patient developed paraesthesia in her lower lip probably due ...

Internal resorption is a rare condition in permanent teeth that poses difficulties for treatment. The challenge is complicated further if the resorption extends beyond the confines of the root. This article describes treatment of a perforating internal resorption in the mesial root of a second lower molar, with adjacent destruction of the alveolar bone. After cleaning the root canal space and t...

This report describes the case of an 8-year-old boy that was referred to endodontic and orthodontic treatment after suffering an injury that led to intrusion of the maxillary right permanent central incisor, palatal displacement of the upper right lateral incisor, and root fracture of both central incisors. Both injured teeth were immature and had open apices. The intruded tooth was repositione...