This paper tests the proposition that Russian nominal prices were distorted to support bankrupt sectors, which is the foundation of the virtual economy. The input-output table for 1997 is converted from rubles into dollars using American prices as shadow values. Three sectors belonging to the intermediate stage of processing are found to have negative value-added. An alternative measure of the ...

energy is one of major factors of productions in all of economic sectors, which have important effect on a country economy. the effect of increasing price of energy carriers on productions of economic sectors is inevitable. therefore, this research was conducted by using the input - output model and product forecasting. the study investigated the latest available input - output table in 1385. t...

factor demand behavior such as energy demand has an important role in the economic analysis. this issue is a major concern in the developing countries (e.g. iran) which are benefited from vast energy resources. in this paper, the third generation of factor demand models is used to analyze the behavior of capital adjustment in the iranian manufacturing industries. the dataset covers the two-digi...

A critical review of cointegration is presented in this paper, emphasizing some limitations of this approach to testing causal relations in Econometrics. We present an application of cointegration tests to the relation between Private Consumption and Gross Domestic Product in 25 OECD countries, during the period 1960-97, and the results confirm those limitations and the convenience of giving mo...

The excessive use of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) causes a global emission gases. This has eventually brought climate change and warming, that will affect the human life standard. Also it several economical impacts such as increasing mitigation budget for anticipating problems by applying tax one strategies to reduce emissions. Carbon is additional economic instrument high possibili...

wheat is the dominant cereal crop constituting the first staple food in iran. this paper studies the energy consumption patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for wheat production in iranian agriculture during the period 1986 – 2008. the results indicated that total energy inputs in irrigated and dryland wheat production increased from 29.01 and 9.81 gj ha-1 in 1986 to 44...