One of the most vital factors in combustion control is Air-to-Fuel Ratio (AFR) estimation and control. In this work a detailed mathematical, nonlinear and control oriented model of dynamic processes of turbocharged diesel engines is presented. This model has been developed using physical equations and also experimental data. Common Rail Injection (CRI) that is a flexible fuel injection system i...

Peak combustion pressures (PCP) are increased in heavy-duty diesel engines to obtain higher thermal efficiency. Fuel injection strategy has been a major measure improve the and emissions of engines. But most existing work multi-injection strategies was not limited by PCP or conducted under lower (∼15 MPa). In this study, an experimental study is further understanding on engine performance relat...

Here we describe a Linac, driven by a Traveling Laser Focus (TLF), arranged with the help of a special deflecting device. This Linac has an accelerating structure, which is open from one side. The laser radiation is focused from this side onto a spot with minimal transverse dimensions. This spot is moved by a fast deflecting device in synchronism with the instantaneous position of the charged p...

Hot-carrier (HC) degradation and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) of MOS devices are the two most important reliability concerns for deep submicron (DSM) designs. HC degradation occurs when the channel electrons are accelerated in the high electric field near the drain of the MOS device and create interface states, electron traps, or hole traps in the gate oxide near the drain. LDD ...

Timing diagrams are useful for capturing temporal specifications in which all mentioned events are required to occur. We first show that translating timing diagrams with both partial orders on events and don’t-care regions to LTL potentially yields exponentially larger formulas containing several non-localized terms corresponding to the same event. This raises a more fundamental question: which...

BACKGROUND Cell therapy approaches for biologic cardiac repair hold great promises, although basic fundamental issues remain poorly understood. In the present study we examined the effects of timing and routes of administration of bone marrow cells (BMC) post-myocardial infarction (MI) and the efficacy of an injectable biopolymer scaffold to improve cardiac cell retention and function. METHOD...

Frequency analysis is a method of measuring the spatial frequency component in images. We attempted to analyze and assess frequency analyses of images of various contrast medium injection timings using a normalized integral power spectrum. In magnetic resonance imaging, the k-space order was linear and sequential. During the twenty-second scanning time, we injected contrast medium at 3 ml/s and...

A total of 341 fertilized and 37 unfertilized oocytes from 63 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment cycles were included for retrospective assessment using the Embryoscope time-lapse video system. The second polar body (pb2) extrusion occurred at 2.9±0.1 h (range 0.70-10.15 h) relative to sperm injection. All oocytes reduced in size following sperm injection (p<0.05) with shrinkage ...

The overall heat transfer process within the in-cylinder for port injection hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE) has been investigated through simulation, while the experimental data has been utilized for validation purpose of the adopted numerical model. One-dimensional gas dynamics was used to describe the flow and heat transfer in the components of the engine model. The engine ...

Biodiesel as a clean energy source could reduce environmental pollution compared to fossil fuel, so it is becoming increasingly important. In this study, we investigated the effects of different pilot injection timings from before top dead center (BTDC) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion, engine performance, and exhaust emission characteristics in a common rail diesel engine fuel...