The informal sector in West Africa has become increasingly internationalized in the last few decades. This chapter explores informal cross-border trade— that is, smuggling—in West Africa, focusing on Senegal and Benin. According to official trade data, regional trade flows are minimal despite the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and Economic Community of West African States (ECO...

This paper presents preliminary findings from a research project that examines the interaction between informal risk sharing, index insurance and risk-taking. We have randomized rainfall insurance contracts offered to cultivating and landless households in a set of Indian villages where pre-existing census data on caste networks allows us to characterize the nature and extent of informal risk s...

based on existing literature social capital is defined as a set of norms and rules and informal networks that provide association, trust and collective action to obtain the public good. the empowerment projects of world bank that has been implemented in many third world countries in the late 1980s followed by a non-reductionist non- physical approach integration of cultural and socio- economic ...

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to augment evaluation of the effectiveness of broadband videoconferencing among distributed research teams. Design/methodology/approach – Textual output from informal interaction in videoconferencing and chat room sessions was recorded and analyzed using qualitative and content analysis methods to test for knowledge processes thought to be embedded in in...

Abstract Manufacturing companies must find competitive methods to produce products cheaper, faster and better to continuously satisfy their customers and acquire organizational success. For continuous improvement to be more successful, hybrid programs such as integrated TQM and JIT approaches give better results. As the existing TQM and JIT integrated approaches in literatures are not analogous...