Background: Out-of-pocket and informal payments are considered as 2 most important topics for equity in health care financing. Therfore, this study was conducted to systematically review and meta-analyze the status of these payments in Iran's health care system.    Methods: Required data were collected through searching the following key terms: "Unofficial", "Informal ...

The processes of urbanization is accompanied by attraction to settlements, the synanthropization, of many systematic groups of animals including arthropods. Synanthropization of some vectors of diseases agents, means augmentation of their contacts to people and increase of epidemiological danger. The annotated ecological-faunistic list of the synanthropic species of arthropods dwelling in East ...

Microbiological monitoring is important to assure microbiological safety, especially in long-duration space habitation. We have been continuously monitoring the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the International Space Station (ISS)-"Kibo" module to accumulate knowledge on microbes in the ISS. In this study, we used a new sampling device, a microbe-collecting adhesive sheet developed in ou...

This paper is an introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Political Ecology on "Ecologies of Hope."The authors argue that discrete, specific, and often, local actions can create spaces that are bettering humanlives and livelihoods. The five papers identify actions and movements that are situated in the "middle"between the individual and larger social and economic formations...

Various physical attributes of the Earth's surface are factors that influence local topography and indirectly influence human behaviour in terms of habitation locations. The determination of geomorphological setting plays an important role in archaeological landscape research. Several landform types can be distinguished by characteristic geomorphic attributes that portray the landscape surround...