BACKGROUND The intraperitoneal injection is a common method for establishing the experimental animal model infected with parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate if the intraperitoneal injection was another route of Trichinella spiralis infection. METHODS From June to July 2015, twenty BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 300 T. spiralis muscle larvae in Department of P...

The major cause of infection in animal prion diseases is thought to be consumption of prion-contaminated stuff. There is evidence that the enteric nerve system (ENS) and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GATL) are involved in the establishment of prion infection through alimentary tract. To elucidate the initial entry port for prion, we inoculated prion to alymphoplasia (aly) mice showing a defi...

BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by highly motile, helically shaped bacteria that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes through lesions or abrasions, and rapidly disseminate throughout the body. Although the intraperitoneal route of infection is widely used to experimentally inoculate hamsters, this challenge route does not represent a natural route of infection. METHODOLOGY/PR...

Although XMRV dissemination in humans is a matter of debate, the prostate of select patients seem to harbor XMRV, which raises questions about its potential route of transmission. We established a model of infection in rhesus macaques inoculated with XMRV. In spite of the intravenous inoculation, all infected macaques exhibited readily detectable XMRV signal in the reproductive tract of all 4 m...

The accumulation kinetics of the abnormal form of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in spleens and brains of scrapie (Obihiro-1)-infected mice at various times after intracerebral (i.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), or oral inoculation were studied. PrP(Sc) was first detected by Western blotting with anti-prion protein antibodies on days 70 and 116 after i.c. (3 microg) in spleens and brains, respectively. A...

Bacterial symbionts are widespread among metazoans and provide a range of beneficial functions. Wolbachia-mediated protection against viral infection has been extensively demonstrated in Drosophila. In mosquitoes that are artificially transinfected with Drosophila melanogaster Wolbachia (wMel), protection from both viral and bacterial infections has been demonstrated. However, no evidence for W...

Frequent reports on outbreaks of acute Chagas' disease by ingestion of food contaminated with parasites from triatomine insects illustrate the importance of this mode of transmission. Studies on oral Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice have indicated that metacyclic trypomastigotes invade the gastric mucosal epithelium. A key molecule in this process is gp82, a stage-specific surface glycoprote...

conclusions vaccination of non-immune individuals against hav infection in high risk groups especially hemophilia and thalassemia patients is recommended. results did not show any differences about seroprevalence of hev among iranian general population. results anti-hav igg antibodies were observed more frequently in thalassemia patients (60/64; 93.8%) than in hemophilia patients (104/155; 67.1...

Differences may occur in the mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori between developed and developing countries: direct human-to-human contacts have been suggested as the primary route in the former while the fecal-oral route, also, through contaminated water, in the latter. Data on intrafamilial transmission of H. pylori among children continue to be produced. The importance of low socioec...