BACKGROUND Infant mortality reflects not only the health of infants but societal well-being as a whole. This study explores distal socioeconomic and related proximate determinants of infant mortality and provides evidence for designing targeted interventions. METHODS Survival information on 5391 live born infants (2006-2010) was examined from the nationally representative Nepal Demographic He...

Development of the infant small intestine is influenced by bacterial colonization. To promote establishment of optimal microbial communities in preterm infants, knowledge of the beneficial functions of the early gut microbiota on intestinal development is needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of early preterm infant microbiota on host gut development using a gnotobioti...

The fetal biological clock is an endogenous clock capable of generating circadian rhythms and responding to maternal entraining signals. By at least the third trimester of pregnancy fetal diurnal rhythms are entrainable by maternal day-night rhythms. Maternal illness during pregnancy and premature birth are obvious clinical factors that may adversely affect circadian rhythm development. Prematu...

BACKGROUND The implications of the biologically active elements in breast milk for the breastfed infant are largely unknown. Animal models suggest that ingestion of glucocorticoids during the neonatal period influences fear behavior and modifies brain development. AIMS To determine the association between postnatal maternal cortisol levels and temperament in breastfed infants. STUDY DESIGN ...

objectives : bayley scales of infant & toddler development is a well-known diagnostic developmental assessment tool for children aged 1–42 months. our aim was investigating validity & reliability of this scale in persian speaking children. materials & methods: the method was descriptive-analytic. translation- back translation and cultural adaptation was done. content & face validity of tranlate...

This article reviews the historical development of feeding the premature infant in the 20th century. It describes the early work determining the energy requirements of the preterm infant, the evolution of the use of human milk and its fortification for these infants, the development of special formulas for very-low-birth-weight infants and the various techniques/methods utilized including total...

infant mortality and morbidity present important challenges to those concerned with community health. we did this research to study epidemiology of diseases of infancy in city of tehran. during 15 days, of 6395 deliveries in tehran hospitals a cohort of 6267 live births entered this study. follow up data were gathered in 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th months of birth. in this period, 5382 occurrence of...

BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important to neural development. Whether DHA intakes are low enough in some pregnant women to impair infant development is uncertain. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether DHA deficiency occurs in pregnant women and contributes to poor infant development. DESIGN Biochemical cutoffs, dietary intakes, or developmental scores indicative of DHA defici...

Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) were collected from 669 British children aged between 1;0 and 2;1. Comprehension and production scores in each age group are calculated. This provides norming data for the British infant population. The influence of socioeconomic group on vocabulary scores is considered and shown not to have a significant effect. The data from British infants is comp...