Pricing carbon emissions from an individual jurisdiction may harm the competitiveness of local firms, causing leakage and economic activity to other regions. Past research concentrates on national prices, but impacts subnational prices could be more severe due openness regional economies. We specify a flexible model capture competition between plant in state with electric sector pricing plants ...

The second half of the nineteenth-century in the United States was a period of rapid and unwieldy industrial expansion. As the technological developments and economic opportunities presented to capitalists dominated American society, the adverse side effects that they inevitably caused were left unquestioned. One such negative impact of industrialization was the proliferation of"industdal disea...

• Estimates of their impact should be made cautiously, however, for few nonstate actors are completely independent of nation-states, and they do not have uniform freedom of movement. Although nonstate actors have a great deal of latitude in both weak and post-industrial states, modernizing states such as China and Russia—home to the bulk of the world’s population—have been highly effective in s...

1 Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America, 2 Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America, 3 James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United S...