SYNCOPE has been defined as 'a failure of the heart's action resulting in loss of consciousness or sometimes in death' (O.E.D.). Since Gower's discussion of vaso-vagal attacks (1907) many forms of reflex syncope have been described and studied, among them cough syncope (Baker, 1949), carotid sinus syncope (Weiss, 1935) and micturition syncope (Coggins, Lillington & Gray, 1964). The sudden and t...

despite progress in pharmacological and surgical treatments of epilepsy, little is known about the processes that a healthy brain is rendered epileptic after seizure occurrence. growing evidence supports the involvement of inflammatory processes, both the adaptive immunity and systemic inflammatory response, in induction of individual seizures as well as in the epileptogenesis. clinical and exp...

Considering the prevalence of epilepsy and problems associated with currently available antiepileptic drugs like side effects, resistance, safety issue high cost, herbal medicine fewer complications could be very appropriate alternative. Therefore in present study, we have examined properties ethanolic extract leaves mice using maximal electroshock seizers (MES)test, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), i...

epilepsy is accompanied with a strong change in neuronal activity not only in excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (gabaergic) neurotransmission, but also in neuromodulatory agents. dopaminergic system, as an important neuromodulatory system of the brain, has significant effect on neuronal excitability. in addition, this system undergoes many changes in epileptic brain. understanding the e...

Background: Absence epilepsy is a brief non-convulsive seizure that associated with sudden abrupt in consciousness. Because of the unpredictable occurrence of absence seizures and ethic limitation of human investigation on the pathogenesis and drug assessment led to the tendency to animal models. The aim of this paper is reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of several animal models of non...

Hot water epilepsy in infants is a type of reflex epilepsy and is categorized as a provoked epilepsy. The seizures are precipitated when the infant is placed in water at a temperature above 37.5 8C [1]. The published literature contains several cases of seizures provoked by bathing in lukewarm water, which are described as hot water epilepsy [2]. This report presents a case of hot water epileps...

The intestinal peristaltic reflex induced by mucosal stimulation is mediated by mucosal release of serotonin (5-HT), which acts on 5-HT(4) receptors located on CGRP-containing afferent nerve terminals. Exposure of the colonic mucosa to the 5-HT(4) receptor agonist tegaserod in the range of 1 nM to 10 muM elicits a peristaltic reflex and stimulates colonic propulsion. The present study was desig...