BACKGROUND Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient and powerful antioxidant. Observational studies have shown an inverse relationship between vitamin C intake and major cardiovascular events and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Results from clinical trials are less consistent. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of vitamin C supplementation as a single supplement for the prima...

BACKGROUND Iatrogenic injury of the inferior alveolar or lingual nerve or both is a known complication of oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. Injury to these two branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve may result in altered sensation associated with the ipsilateral lower lip or tongue or both and may include anaesthesia, paraesthesia, dysaesthesia, hyperalgesia, allod...

Over the last decade, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS treatment and care have evolved toward simplifying recommendations for firstline antiretroviral therapy (ART) to promote a public health approach to treatment scale-up [1].Whereas in 2002, WHO recommended 5 different treatment options for first-line ART, the latest guidelines released in...

BACKGROUND Tinea infections are fungal infections of the skin caused by dermatophytes. It is estimated that 10% to 20% of the world population is affected by fungal skin infections. Sites of infection vary according to geographical location, the organism involved, and environmental and cultural differences. Both tinea corporis, also referred to as 'ringworm' and tinea cruris or 'jock itch' are ...

BACKGROUND Central venous catheters (CVCs) play a vital role in the management of acute and chronic illness. Dressings and securement devices must ensure CVCs do not dislodge or fall out, provide a barrier protection from microbial colonisation and infection, and be comfortable for the patient. There is a large range of dressing and securement products available for clinicians to use. OBJECTI...

A pyramid has expressed the idea of hierarchy of medical evidence for so long, that not all evidence is the same. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been placed at the top of this pyramid for several good reasons. However, there are several counterarguments to this placement. We suggest another way of looking at the evidence-based medicine pyramid and explain how systematic reviews and m...

O rthopaedic surgeons, like all physicians, must make clinical decisions based on the best available evidence. This evidence comes from individual clinical experience and external sources. Although clinical experience is left to the physician, the medical and surgical literature provides the best external evidence. To facilitate the process of determining the best evidence to answer a clinical ...

Cholangitis is a GI emergency requiring prompt recognition and treatment. The purpose of this document from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy’s (ASGE) Standards Practice Committee to provide an evidence-based approach management cholangitis. This addresses modality drainage (endoscopic vs percutaneous), timing intervention (<48 hours >48 hours), extent initial (comprehensive t...

The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee first adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system in 2013. This document provides an update on process creating evidence-based practice recommendations describes GRADE as it is currently implemented SMFM Consult Guidelines series. In 2013, (SMFM) evaluating rating scientific evidence...