BACKGROUND Cholera poses a substantial health burden to developing countries such as Bangladesh. In this study, the objective is to estimate the economic burden of cholera treatments incurred by households. The study was carried out in the context of a large vaccine trial in an urban area of Bangladesh. METHODS The study used a combination of prospective and retrospective incidence-based cost...

OBJECTIVE Determine the cost-effectiveness of initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developing countries according to developing world versus developed world guidelines. DESIGN Lifetime Markov model incorporating costs, quality of life, survival, and transmission to sexual contacts. METHODS We evaluated treating patients with HIV in South Africa according...

OBJECTIVE The cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of infliximab (Remicade) treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was estimated on the basis of a clinical trial comparing infliximab plus methotrexate with methotrexate alone in 428 patients with advanced disease [Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy (ATTRACT)]. METHODS The effect of inflixim...

OBJECTIVES To estimate the excess cost of stroke in Sweden and the potential costs that could be avoided by preventing first-ever strokes. METHODS We adopted the incidence approach for estimating the present value of both direct and indirect costs. Data on mortality, stroke recurrence, and inpatient care were estimated from a national register of patient data with a four-year follow-up period...

In this paper, system planning network is formulated with mixed-integer programming. Two meta-heuristic procedures are considered for this problem. The cost function of this problem consists of the capital investment cost in discrete form, the cost of transmission losses and the power generation costs. The DC load flow equations for the network are embedded in the constraints of the mathematica...