This article aims to assess the validity of two linguistic models context-sensitivity term ?know?: (I) indexical model, according which knowledge ascriptions are context-sensitive due an unstable Kaplanian character ?know?, and (II) hidden-indexical that explains context sensitivity ?know? by referring its semantic similarities with gradable adjectives. is structured as follows. Section 1 brief...

We discuss how a deductive question-answering system can represent the beliefs or other cognitive states of users, of other (interacting) systems, and of itself. In particular, we examine the representation of first-person beliefs of others (e.g., the ~/v.~'~ representation of a user'A belief that he himself is rich). Such beliefs have as an essential component "'quasi-indexical pronouns" (e.g....

Gender features on anaphoric pronouns are often analyzed as presupposition triggers, after [Cooper, 1983]. I argue that, first, “presuppositions” arising in sentences with gendered pronouns have a peculiar projection behavior different from that of regular presuppositions, and second, that such special indexical presuppositions, rather than being contributed by morphological features directly, ...

Several authors have argued that a range of phenomena calls for a relativisation of propositional truth to contexts of assessment or, more generally, perspectives. I want to defend the more orthodox view that whether a proposition is true depends only on whether the represented states of affairs obtain. I offer an alternative account of the relativity suggested by the data, factual relativism, ...

Monads are a concept of category theory which can be used to structure functional programs or even define nonstandard interpretations of the λ-calculus. These nonstandard functional languages share many of Lucid’s unusual features, such as the distinction between synchronic and general functions. In fact Lucid is exactly one of these languages, determined by a simple stream monad. We therefore ...

Contextualism treats ‘knows’ as an indexical that denotes different epistemic properties in different contexts. Contrastivism treats ‘knows’ as denoting a ternary relation with a slot for a contrast proposition. I will argue that contrastivism resolves the main philosophical problems of contextualism, by employing a better linguistic model. Contextualist insights are best understood by contrast...

1 Proper contexts Frege (1918-1919) famously makes a caveat concerning his doctrine of sense and reference: there are some special expressions like 'here', 'today' and 'that', that cannot by themselves express senses (and, therefore, cannot have references). Something else is necessary, namely, the extra-linguistic context in which the particular tokens of words of this kind occur. Therefore, i...

Background: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a variety of lupus disease characterized with sticky thick scaces telangiectasia and follicular plugging. Objectives: To determine the relative frequency of clinical, paraclinical and pathological findings in patients with DLE. Patients and Methods: The clinical, Paraclinical and pathological findings in 50 biopsy proven patients with DLE referre...

Abstract The use-mention distinction is elaborated into a four-way between use, formal mention, material mention and pragmatic mention. notion of motivated through the problem monsters in Kaplanian indexical semantics. It then formalized applied an account schemata languages.