Contrary to the popular view that the U.S. welfare system has been in a contractionary phase after the expansions of the welfare state in the 1960s, welfare spending resumed steady growth after a pause in the 1970s. However, although aggregate spending is higher than ever, there have been redistributions away from non-elderly and nondisabled families to families with older adults and to familie...

This article develops a typology of family change over the first five years of children's lives using data from the Millennium Cohort Study. It examines the changes over time of parental living arrangements and describes a range of social, economic and well-being indicators. It shows that nearly three quarters of this sample of young children have not experienced changes in family structures. T...

This paper is a survey of recent progress in the theory of ruin for risk processes that earn investment return on invested assets.

2. Inflation tends to injure low-income groups somewhat more than the upper income or even the middle income groups. Theoretically this should not necessarily be so, but it works that way because lower income groups cannot, or do not know how to, protect themselves as do people at higher income levels. For example, in several public opinion polls, people have been asked how they think they can ...

April 2009 OVERVIEW The number of U.S. children living in poverty increased in 2007—continuing an upward trend dating back to 2000: In 2007, 13.3 million children were living in poverty, up from 11.6 million children in 2000. The percentage of children living in families with incomes below the poverty line has increased from 16.2 percent in 2000 to 18.0 percent in 2007. Thus, a large number of ...

Housing affordability is the relationship between households’ income and housing expenditure. The public are very concerned about the high price of residential housing in Beijing, which is considered go beyond the income of average citizens. In order to fully understand the China’s real estate market, the paper first analyses the land policy, housing reform and housing finance, etc. Then this p...

Ethnographic and qualitative research have documented strategic behavior among low-income parents in response to child support and welfare policy, including the acceptance of ’under-the-table’ child support payments and noncooperation with child support authorities. In particular, low-income parents of children on welfare have an incentive to avoid the formal child support system, since most st...

This report defines the rank complement of a diagonalizable matrix (i.e. a matrix which can be brought to a diagonal form by means of a change of basis) as the interchange of the range and the null space. Given a diagonalizable matrix A there is in general no unique matrix Ac which has a range equal to the null space of A and a null space equal to the range of A, only matrices of full rank have...

ing this paper new factorization techniques for computation of the Operational Space Mass Matrix (A) and its inverse (A-l) are developed. Starting with a new factorization of the inverse of mass matrix (M-l) in the form of Schur Complement as M-l = G’ %)TsI-lB, where d and 8 are block tridlagonal matrices and G is a tridiagonal matrix, similar factorization for A and A-i are derived. Specifical...