Nowadays, English is the leading foreign language enjoying a prestigious position in many countries, including Iran. In recent years, English is more and more popular in the world and the importance of learning English cannot be overstated in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world. In this regard, studying the status of language of the educated class of the society such as teachers...

introduction: the profits of executable referral system process are including: decrease the staff and equipment and saving in expenses and tools, appropriate division of sources for the best use of them and prevention of put patients to unreasonable expenses. in this course, the purpose of present study was to determine the effective factors on executable amount of referral system process in pu...

This paper reports on one aspect of a case study that explores the nature of motivation to learn in an online distance environment. The study adopts self-determination theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework and focuses particularly on the underlying concept of autonomy. This is used to explore ways in which certain social and contextual factors, that fail to accommodate the autonomy needs of l...

Four experiments examined the effect on achievement motivation of mere belonging, a minimal social connection to another person or group in a performance domain. Mere belonging was expected to increase motivation by creating socially shared goals around a performance task. Participants were led to believe that an endeavor provided opportunities for positive social interactions (Experiment 1), t...

Objectives: This study explored how social physique anxiety (SPA) combined with different patterns of motivation regulations might facilitate versus deter effort and enjoyment in physical education (PE) and leisure-time physical activity. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: High school students (N 1⁄4 298; Mage 1⁄4 15.72, SDage 1⁄4 1.24 years) completed an in-class survey including SPA in ...

Three commentators (Carter, 2011; Kim, 2011; Scheel, 2011) concurred with a central proposition of the target article (Ryan, Lynch, Vansteenkiste, & Deci, 2011): that client motivation for counseling is of critical importance to counselors and therapists. In this Reply, we acknowledge and address a number of issues raised by the commentators, including the role of motivation and autonomy in mul...

To a high degree Simon’s work is identified with the introduction of “Bounded rationality” into economics and with the behavioral theory of the firm. Today, bounded rationality has become a conventional footnote in almost every economic treatment. However, it often does not do justice to Simon’s far-reaching ideas. Much has been neglected, in particular Simon’s emphasis on motivation, including...

Enhancement is generally understood as being intended to improve well-being. The motivation to enhance is the desire to change a person for the better. However, even when increased well-being is the motivation, it is unclear how to morally evaluate any given intervention. Four examples illustrate why any enhancement intervention, including those motivated by the desire to increase well-being, s...