The forbidden bay‘u al-gh ̄ arar can best be translated as “trading in risk”. In the face of risk, any trade would involve some degree of trading in risk, and thus jurists disagree over whether a specific contract is forbidden or not based on their varying assessments of whether the amount of risk is substantial or small. Moreover, the prohibition is often overruled in cases where clear economic...

commercial paper is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for financing working capital and meeting short-term liabilities. it is one of the most important financial instruments that constitute a significant portion of issued debt securities in financial markets. nevertheless, commercial paper, like many other conventional financial instruments, has been st...

all schools of islamic jurisprudence regard abortion as wrong and forbidden and allow abortion only before the stage of ensoulment, if the continuation of pregnancy would endanger the mother's life or put her into intolerable difficulties. in this article we describe and assess the viewpoint of shiite jurisprudence toward abortion. using a selected collection of related references, and discussi...

The main aim of this paper is to provide an introductory discussion of the issue of the human need for a Social symbiosis and Collectivism in the contemporary global community and of the constructive role that religion could play in delivering this global need. There are many ways to categorise ideologies and religions, but the most constructive is one between collectivism and individualism. In...