Affinity tags have become powerful tools from basic biological research to structural and functional proteomics. They were widely used to facilitate the purification and detection of proteins of interest, as well as the separation of protein complexes. Here, we mainly discuss the benefits and drawbacks of several affinity or epitope tags frequently used, including hexahistidine tag, FLAG tag, S...

Donald Gillies is one of the pioneers in the philosophical analysis of artificial intelligence (AI). In his recent book, Gillies (1996) not only makes a new and rapidly developing field of science accessible to philosophers; he also introduces philosophical topics relevant to researchers in AI and thereby helps establish a dialogue between the two disciplines. His book clearly and convincingly ...

in this research, the viewpoint of mīzā mahdī iṣfahānī, as the founder of tafkīk school (separatism), concerning the most important epistemological issues like the quiddity of cognition (or episteme), types of cognition, truth, and justification of knowledge (ma‘rifa) are studied. given the fact that epistemology has not been regarded as an independent science in the muslim world, but the musli...

the menhaj al-bolagha and seraj al-odaba by hazem qartajeni is one of the most effective books on rhetoric and theory of arabic poetry. although he was grown up in an environment influenced by ibn rushd and is considered his indirect student, in this book (with a rhetoric and philosophical style) he is under the influence of ibn sina in founding and presenting the theory of arabic poetry. witho...

Low pH triggers the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin (T-domain), which contains 10 α helices, to insert into a planar lipid bilayer membrane, form a transmembrane channel, and translocate the attached catalytic domain across the membrane. Three T-domain helices, corresponding to TH5, TH8, and TH9 in the aqueous crystal structure, form transmembrane segments in the open-channel state; th...

abstract the investigation of habermas’s political ideas of philosophical perspective and measuring his philosophical principles ratio, which is the deliberative democracy, is a purpose of this study that will be followed.  on the one hand, the importance of this issue is this that represents the new readings of democratic standards and on the other hand, consolidates one type of the democracy ...

the philosophical-theosophical theory of “the first designation” is macro-theory about instant of “phenomenon existence” and the formation of emanation of multiplicities from the unique. this subject is one of fundamental and hardest problems in “islamic mysticism”. since ibn-arabi is the father of theoretical mysticism in islamic world and so his view about one-ness existence is the foundation...