The median filter is a special case of nonlinear filter used for smoothing signals. Since the output of the median filter is always one of the input samples, it is conceivable that certain signals could pass through the median filter unaltered. These signals, invariant to further passes of the median filter, define the signature of a filter and are referred to as root signals. This represents t...

When metallic stents were first introduced in 1986, they offered immediate promise. Vessel scaffolding, which created a wide patent lumen, was conceived as an attractive solution to dissection, acute recoil, and abrupt closure, which were the main shortcomings of balloon angioplasty.1 Furthermore, in comparison with balloon angioplasty, the use of metallic stents was associated with a significa...

Accurate aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis is essential for faithful translation of the genetic code and consequently has been intensively studied for over three decades. Until recently, the study of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis in archaea had received little attention. However, as in so many areas of molecular biology, the advent of archaeal genome sequencing has now drawn researchers to this field. Invest...

In this paper, we look at the empirical connections between crime and education, using various data sources from Britain. As with Lochner and Moretti’s (2004) US work, we recognise explicitly the need to ensure that the direction of causation flows from education to crime. Therefore, we identify the effect of education on participation in criminal activity using changes in compulsory school lea...

The paper compares the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst sentenced prisoners and in the general population. Major psychosis was no more common in the majority of studies of criminal populations. Although prisoners have a higher level of neurotic symptomatology, this was mainly found to be secondary to imprisonment itself. Long term imprisonment was not found to be a precipitant of sev...

This paper examines the impact of imprisonment upon family members and illuminates the effects of imprisonment upon family health and wellbeing, the affect of shame and stigma and the lack of formal health and social welfare provision available to this distinct marginalised group. The dilemmas generated by the transition faced by families when someone receives a custodial sentence are significa...

We carried out a cross-sectional survey in Shiraz to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1 444 individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We also determined the risk factors for this coinfection. Demographic and behavioural data were obtained using a standard questionnaire. The prevalence of HIV-HCV coinfection was 78.4% (95% CI: 76.3-80.5). Intravenous dru...

Aim To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) among prisoners in Zenica prison, and to investigate the relation between HCV and risky behaviors: intravenous drugs use (IDU), tattooing, promiscuity. Methods This cross-sectional study conducted at the High Security Penitentiary in Zenica involved 200 convicted persons who gave their consents for the research. Their blood wa...

The over-representation of Indigenous Australians in prison continues to be a serious problem, more than a decade after the recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCADC) were handed down (Baker 2001; Williams 2001). 1 For example, Baker (2001) finds that the over-representation stems initially from the higher rate of appearance at court by Indigenous Australi...

This paperis an attempt to understand the prison visitors’ perspectives on crimes attributed imprisoned women and places of female confinement. In this ethnography conducted in two prisons, we note that many interlocutors tend justify imprisonment by linking them a “thug” partner. There were no mentions committed for family sustenance, which is out step with recent literature imprisonment. From...