Trichoderma species are known globally mostly for the production of industrially useful enzymes as well as their biocontrol ability against plant pathogens. One of the major strategies of biological control is mycoparasitism against fungal pathogens of crop plants. However, till recently the mechanisms of mycoparasitism by biocontrol potential Trichoderma species at molecular level were not cle...

Herbicides containing glyphosate are widely used in agriculture and private gardens, however, surprisingly little is known on potential side effects on non-target soil organisms. In a greenhouse experiment with white clover we investigated, to what extent a globally-used glyphosate herbicide affects interactions between essential soil organisms such as earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fung...

We present a new perspective for the role of Termitomyces fungi in the mutualism with fungus-growing termites. According to the predominant view, this mutualism is as an example of agriculture with termites as farmers of a domesticated fungus crop, which is used for degradation of plant-material and production of fungal biomass. However, a detailed study of the literature indicates that the ter...

The larvae and less frequently the pupae of Plutella xylostella (L) are sometimes attacked naturally by pathogens, particularly two fungi of the family Entomophthoraceae, Erynia blunckii and Zoophthora radicans. Other pathogens recorded include one other entomophthoraceous fungus, a granulosis virus, one or possibly two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses and Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki. In the ...

Long-term successional dynamics of an inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with the maize rhizosphere (from traditionally managed agroecosystems in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico), was followed in Bracchiaria comata trap cultures for almost eight years. The results indicate that AMF diversity is lost following long-term subculturing of a single plant host species. Only the d...

In the traditional economic order quantity/economic production quantity model, most of the items considered are of perfect type. But this situation rarely takes place in practice. Thus, in this paper, an economic order quantity model with imperfectquality items is developed. 100% screening process is performed, and the items of imperfect quality are sold as a single batch. A proportionate ra...

The reflection and transmission of thermoelastic plane waves at an imperfect boundary of two dissimilar fibre-reinforced transversely isotropic thermoelastic solid half-spaces under hydrostatic initial stress has been investigated. The appropriate boundary conditions are applied at the interface to obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients of various reflected and transmitted waves wi...

A positive integer n is called a k-imperfect number if kρ(n) = n for some integer k ! 2, where ρ is a multiplicative arithmetic function defined by ρ(pa) = pa−pa−1+pa−2−· · ·+ (−1)a for a prime power pa. In this paper, we prove that every odd k-imperfect number greater than 1 must be divisible by a prime greater than 102, give all k-imperfect numbers less than 232 = 4294 967 296, and give sever...

electric power industry have always try to provide reliable electricity to customers and at the same time decrease system costs. high voltage circuit-breakers are an essential part of the power network. this study has developed a maintenance and replacement scheduling model for high voltage circuit- breakers that minimize maintenance costs while maintaining the acceptable reliability. this mode...