The nasal cavity is a primary checkpoint for the invasion of respiratory pathogens. Numerous pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, S. pneumoniae, aureus, etc., can adhere/colonize lining to trigger an infection. Secretory IgA (sIgA) serves as first line immune defense against foreign sIgA facilitates clearance pathogenic microbes by intercepting their access epithelial receptors and mucus entrapment...

Important to malaria vaccine design is the phenomenon of "strain-specific" immunity. Using an accurate and sensitive assay of parasite genotype, real-time quantitative PCR, we have investigated protective immunity against mixed infections of genetically distinct cloned "strains" of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi in mice. Four strains of P. c. chabaudi, AS, AJ, AQ, and ...

Protective immunity against mycobacterial infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by interactions between specific T cells and activated antigen presenting cells. To date, many aspects of mycobacterial immunity have shown that innate cells could be the key elements that substantially may influence the subsequent adaptive host response. During the early phases of infection, inn...

tetanus can be only prevented by vaccination because immunity against this disease is rarely acquired, even by natural infections. to maintain long-term protective immunity against tetanus, booster immunization is essential for adolescents and adults. most hospitalized cases and virtually all deaths occur in people over 60 years of age. the purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of...

We combined survey, mobility, and infections data in greater Boston, MA to simulate the effects of racial disparities inclination become vaccinated on continued infection rates attainment herd immunity. The simulation projected marked inequities, with communities color experiencing 3 times higher than predominantly White reaching immunity 45 days later average. Persuasion individuals uncertain ...

The scare of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), does not seem to fade away, while there is a constant emergence novel deadly variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. Until now, it has claimed approximately 276,436,619 infections, number deaths surpluses 5,374,744 all over world. While saving life...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represent a spectrum of impaired immunity with effects on cellular immunity, soluble immune factors, and inflammation. As a result, infections due to impaired immune system responses are responsible for significant morbidity in patients with kidney disease. Because of immune dysfunction in CKD, these patients have reduced probabili...