Following fetal or neonatal gene transfer in mice and other species immune tolerance of the transgenic protein is frequently observed; however the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. In this study fetal and neonatal BALB/c mice received adenovirus vector to deliver human factor IX (hFIX) cDNA. The long-term tolerance of hFIX was robust in the face of immune challenge with hFIX prote...

PURPOSE Most studies on immune tolerance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been performed using MSCs derived from bone marrow, cord blood, or adipose tissue. MSCs also exist in the craniofacial area, specifically in teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of immune tolerance of dental pulp-derived MSC (DP-MSC) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS We isolated...

A factor VIII-deficient knockout mouse was used as a model for severe hemophilia A to characterize the immune response to recombinant human factor VIII (fVIII) and to study new approaches for induction of immune tolerance to fVIII. Mice initially received periodic injections of fVIII in doses similar to those used for the treatment of human hemophilia A. To induce immune tolerance, a hamster mo...

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in advancing age-associated progressive decline in adaptive immune responses, loss of tolerance, and development of chronic inflammation. In aged humans, DCs secrete increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines. This may contribute to both chronic inflammation and loss of tol...

Organ transplantation is useful for treating the end stage of organ failure. The induction of tolerance to the transplanted organ is essential for its long-term survival. Immunologic tolerance can be induced by immunosuppressive agents and mixed chimerism. Mixed chimerism is a state in which both recipient-and donor-derived blood cells remain in the hematopoietic system after allogeneic hematop...

The respiratory tract maintains immune homeostasis despite constant provocation by environmental Ags. Failure to induce tolerogenic responses to allergens incites allergic inflammation. Despite the understanding that APCs have a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Using mice with a conditional deletion of peroxisome proliferator-activat...