Background: Entecavir (ETV) has been widely used in the clinical treatment of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). However, whether ETV is helpful recovery T cell immune function remains unclear. Objectives: We aimed to assess effects on serum HBV-DNA, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) patients with infection. Methods: The data 300 HBV admitted from January 2017 2019 were retrospectively ana...

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains a global health concern, with perinatal transmission still a problem in many countries. Several new therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus infection have recently been introduced that can safely and effectively suppress viral replication with a low risk of resistance; thus, it has become increasingly tempting for many clinicians to treat patients in ...

Exacerbation of hepatitis B virus-associated liver injury is characterized by abnormal immune response which not only mobilizes specific antiviral effects but also poses a potentially lethal nonspecific sterile inflammation to the host. How nonspecific sterile inflammation is triggered after the preexisting injury caused by specific immune injury remains elusive. In the setting of sterile infla...

Liver biopsy plays a central role in treatment algorithms in patients with hepatitis B and remains the gold standard for evaluating hepatic pathology. The pathology of hepatitis B is diverse and reflects the natural history of infection. An acute hepatitic pattern with lobular disarray is seen in acute infection, during acute flares of disease, and with acute hepatitis D superinfection. In chro...

Hepatitis A is a disease of worldwide distribution which occurs in endemic and epidemic form and is transmitted primarily by person-to-person contact through the fecal-oral route. Common source epidemics due to contamination of food are relatively common, and water-borne epidemics have been described less frequently. The presumed etiologic agent of hepatitis A has now been visualized by immune ...

The innate immune system has a role not only in protecting the host during the initial period of virus infection, but also in shaping the nature of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we follow the kinetics of the virologic and immunologic events occurring from the time of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We primarily discuss how the early events after in...

hepatitis b vaccination is safe and effective, although breakthrough infection occasionally occurs in those who receive the vaccine and hepatitis b immunoglobulin (hbig) prophylaxis. sequence variation in their antigenic regions is one of the most powerful strategies that are used by viruses to escape recognition by b and t cell-mediated immune responses. the aim of this study was to explore th...